Tirohanga Whānui o te Hua
Ko te Inconel 718 te konukōre nui rawa atu e whakamahia whānuitia ana i te ao, e kiia ana ko te "hōiho mahi" o ngā konukōre pāmahana-tiketike. I whakawhanakehia e te International Nickel Company i ngā tau 1950, ka eke te konukōre ki tōna kaha tino pai mā te whakatōtōtanga o ngā wāhanga γ″ (Ni₃Nb) me γ′ (Ni₃(Al,Ti)) i te wā e whakahaerehia ana te maimoatanga wera rua-whakatiketike. Me ngā kaha kume e eke ana ki te 1,275-1,380 MPa, ka tukuna e te Inconel 718 tētahi o ngā ōwehenga kaha-ki-taumaha teitei rawa atu i roto i ngā konukōre nickel me te pupuri tonu i te pai o te hanga me te kaha whakarewa.
Ko ngā āhuatanga matua ko:
- He kaha pāmahana teitei tino paitae atu ki te 700°C (1300°F)
- Te whakapakeketanga o te uamā te hanganga o ngā wāhanga γ″ me γ′ i te wā e pakeke haere ana
- He ātete tino pai ki te pakarui te 650-700°C
- He pai te ātete ki te waikura me te waikurai roto i ngā taiao kanorau
- Te ātete tino pai ki te ngengeme te pakari o te whati
- He tino pai te whakarewa– tētahi o ngā konukōrei nikara tino ngāwari te whakarewa
- Te kaha whānui ki te pāmahanamai i te cryogenic (-253°C) ki te 700°C
Te Hanganga Matū
| Huānga | Ihirangi (%) | Tūranga |
| Nikara (Ni) | 50.0 – 55.0 | Huānga turanga, e whakarato ana i te pumau austenitic me te ātete SCC |
| Konukōmiuma (Kr) | 17.0 – 21.0 | Ātete waikura, hanga ana i te unahi Cr₂O₃ tiaki |
| Rino (Fe) | Taurite | He huānga turanga utu-whai hua, e whai wāhi ana ki te whakapakari i te otinga totoka |
| Niobium + Tantalum (Nb+Ta) | 4.75 – 5.50 | Te wāhanga whakapakari γ″ tuatahi (Ni₃Nb), te mea matua hei wehewehe |
| Molibdenuma (Mo) | 2.80 – 3.30 | Te whakapakari i te otinga totoka, te ātete ki te ngoki |
| Taitānia (Ti) | 0.65 – 1.15 | Te hanganga o te wahanga γ′ (Ni₃Al,Ti), te whakapakari tuarua |
| Konumohe (Al) | 0.20 – 0.80 | te hanganga o te wāhanga γ′, te ātete ki te waikura |
| Koparata (Ko) | ≤ 1.00 | Huānga toenga, e whai wāhi ana ki te whakapakari i te wairewa totoka |
| Waro (C) | ≤ 0.08 | Te kaihanga kāpira, te whakapakari i te rohe witi |
| Manganēhi (Mn) | ≤ 0.35 | Kaiwhakakore i te paitini |
| Hiraka (Si) | ≤ 0.35 | Kaiwhakakore i te paitini |
| Whēkau (P) | ≤ 0.015 | Te poke, e whakahaeretia ana kia tino |
| Whānariki (S) | ≤ 0.015 | Te poke, e whakahaeretia ana kia tino |
| Pōroni (B) | ≤ 0.006 | Te whakapakari i te rohe witi, te whakapai ake i te ātete ngoki |
| Parahi (Cu) | ≤ 0.30 | Huānga toenga |
Ngā Āhuatanga Mīhini
Ngā Āhuatanga o te Mahana Rūma (Āhua Kua Pakeke)
| Taonga | Whakaritenga ASTM | Ngā mea i tutuki noa |
| Kaha Kume | ≥ 1,240 MPa (180 ksi) | 1,275 – 1,380 MPa |
| Kaha Hua (0.2% Whakakorenga) | ≥ 1,034 MPa (150 ksi) | 1,030 – 1,170 MPa |
| Te whakaroa | ≥ 12% | 12 – 25% |
| Te pakeketanga | — | 36 – 44 HRC |
| Kiato | 8.19 karamu/cm³ | |
| Awhe Rewa | 1,260 – 1,340°C | |
| Tauwehenga Ātete | 200 GPa i te 20°C | |
| Te Arahi Wera | 11.4 W/m·K i te 20°C | |
| Āheinga Aukume | Kore-aukume |
Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-ringa o te Pāmahana-Tiketike
| Te pāmahana °C | Kaha Kume (MPa) | Kaha Hua (MPa) |
| 20 | 1,275 – 1,380 | 1,030 – 1,170 |
| 540 | 1,150 | 960 |
| 650 | 1,030 – 1,100 | 850 – 860 |
| 700 | — | 700 |
Kaha Ngoki-Patu
| Te pāmahana | Taumahatanga (MPa) | Te Ora Pakaru |
| 650°C | 690 | > 100 hāora |
| 700°C | 620 | > 100 hāora |
| 650°C | 586 | > 1,000 hāora |
Ngā Painga Matua o Inconel 718
Tikanga Whakapakari Ua– Ko te kaha o Inconel 718 i ahu mai i te whakatōtōtanga o ngā wāhanga γ″ (Ni₃Nb) me γ′ (Ni₃(Al,Ti)) i te wā e whakamahanahia ana. Ko te wāhanga γ″ te tikanga whakakaha matua, me te wāhanga rōrahi e eke ana ki te 12-20%. Kāore i rite ki te maha atu o ngā koranu whakapakeke-whakatōtōtanga, he puhoi ake te urupare whakatōtōtanga o Inconel 718, e whakarato ana i te matapihi tukatuka whānui me te kaha whakarewa pai rawa atu.
Kaha Tino Pai i te Pāmahana Teitei– Ka mau tonu te kaha o te Inconel 718 ki te kume, ki te ngenge, me te pakaru tere tae atu ki te 700°C (1300°F). I te 650°C, ka nui ake tōna kaha whakaputa i ērā atu koranu whakarewa katoa. He tino pai te ātete o te koranu ki te kume i te awhe 650-700°C, ā, koinei te rauemi pai mō te mahi pāmahana teitei mō te wā roa.
He Āheitanga Whakarewa Pai rawa atu– E kiia whānuitia ana te Inconel 718 ko te konukōre nikara tino ngāwari ki te whakarewa. Kāore i rite ki te maha o ngā konukōre whakapakeke-wai e ngāwari ana ki te pakaru-taumaha, ka taea te whakarewa i te Inconel 718 i roto i ngā āhuatanga whakamahana me te pakeketanga me te kore he mōrearea nui. He tino ātete te konukōre ki te pakaru i puta mai i te whakarewatanga, ā, ka taea te whakarewa mā te whakamahi i ngā tukanga whakarewa TIG, MIG, hihi irahiko, me te taiaho. Ko ngā hononga whakarewa ka tutuki i te nuinga o te wā te kaha o te konganuku tata-matua me te maimoatanga pakeketanga muri-whakarewatanga ngāwari.
Āheinga Pāmahana Whānui– Ka mau tonu ngā āhuatanga pumau o te koranu mai i ngā pāmahana tangi-ā-rangi (-253°C) ki te 700°C. I ngā pāmahana tangi-ā-rangi, ka piki ake te kaha me te pakari me te kore e whakawhiti mai i te ngawari ki te pakarukaru, ā, he pai mō ngā pūnaha hauwai wai me te hāora wai. He onge tēnei whānuitanga mahi i roto i ngā koranu tino-ā-rangi.
Ātete Pai ki te Waikura– Me te 17-21% te ihirangi chromium, ka whakarato a Inconel 718 i te ātete tino pai ki te waikura, te pakaru, me te pakaru waikura ahotea i roto i ngā taiao kanorau. He pai te mahi a te koranu i roto i te wai moana, te rehu tote, te pāpāho waikawa, me ngā hau waikura pāmahana teitei. Nā te iti o te ihirangi cobalt (≤1.0%) e pai ai mō ngā tono karihi kei reira he āwangawanga mō te whakahohenga irahiko.
He tino pai te hanga– Ka taea te mahi wera i te Inconel 718 i te 900-1150°C, ka taea hoki te mahi matao mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga paerewa. Ka nui ake te kaha o te mahi matao, me te pupuri tonu i te ngāwari. Ka taea te miihini i te koranu mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu carbide, uku rānei me ngā tawhā e tika ana.
Inconel 718 vs Inconel 625: Whakataurite
| Taonga | Inconel 718 | Inconel 625 |
| Te Whakakaha i te Tikanga | Te whakapakeketanga o te ua (γ″ + γ′). Me whai maimoatanga wera | Te whakapakari i te wairewa totoka (kāore e hiahiatia he maimoatanga wera) |
| Kaha Kume | ≥ 1,240 MPa (180 ksi) | ~690 MPa (100 ksi) |
| Te Āheinga o te Mahana | -253°C ki te 700°C | Te whakamahana ki te 982°C (1800°F) |
| Te Ihirangi Rino | ~15-20% | ≤5% |
| Ihirangi Niobium | 4.75-5.50% (he mea nui mō te γ″) | 3.15-4.15% |
| Ihirangi Molibdenum | 2.80-3.30% | 8-10% (ātete ki te pakaru) |
| Kaiwhakarerekētanga Matua | Te kaha teitei, te āheinga whakarewa, te ātete ngenge | He ātete pai ki te waikura i roto i te wai moana me ngā waikawa |
| Pai ake mō | Ngā kōpae tāpine rererangi, ngā miihini jet, ngā motuka rōkete, te hinu me te hau HPHT, ngā whakapiri | Ngā taiao moana, ngā paipa wai moana, te tukatuka matū, te FGD |
Āhea te whiriwhiri i te Inconel 718:Ngā tono e hiahia ana ki te kaha mōrahi o te pāmahana teitei, te ātete ngoki, me te mahi ngenge tae atu ki te 700°C, ko te ātete waikura te tuarua. Ngā mea noa: ngā wāhanga tāpine, ngā miihini rōkete, te hinu me te hau HPHT.
Āhea te whiriwhiri i te Inconel 625:Ngā tono e hiahia ana kia tino ātete ki te waikura i roto i te wai moana, ngā waikawa, me ngā taiao nui-hauora e whakaaetia ana te kaha ngawari. Ngā mea noa: ngā paipa moana, te tukatuka matū, ngā pūnaha FGD.
Te Maimoatanga Wera o Inconel 718
Me whai raupapa maimoatanga wera motuhake a Inconel 718 kia tutuki ai ngā āhuatanga miihini tino pai:
Maimoatanga Wera Paerewa:
1. Whakapūmautanga Whakapūmau:927-1010°C (1700-1850°F) mō te 1 hāora, whakamatao tere (whakamaroketia ki te wai, ki te hinu rānei)
- Kaupapa: Whakarewahia ngā matūriki katoa, kia tutuki ai te austenite kotahi-wāhanga
2. Te Wāhanga Tuatahi o te Kaumātuatanga:718°C (1325°F) mō ngā hāora e 8, whakamataohia ki te oumu ki te 620°C
3. Te Kaumātuatanga o te Wāhanga Tuarua:620°C (1150°F) mō ngā hāora 8-10, ko te roanga o te wā pakeketanga he 18 hāora, he hauhautanga
- Kaupapa: Whakatōngia te γ″ me te γ′ kia tino kaha ai, kia ātete ai hoki ki te ngoki
Te Maimoatanga Wera Rerekē (Hei Whakapai ake i te Whakangāwari o te Ahotea):
- Whakapūmautanga Whakapūmau:1038-1066°C (1900-1950°F), whakamatao tere
- Te Wāhanga Tuatahi o te Kaumātuatanga:760°C (1400°F) mō ngā hāora 10, whakamataohia ki te oumu ki te 650°C
- Te Kaumātuatanga o te Wāhanga Tuarua:650°C (1200°F) mō ngā hāora 20, whakamataohia ki te hau
Ngā Whakaaro Matua:
- Ko te wāhanga γ″ (Ni₃Nb) te wāhanga whakapakari tuatahi, ā, he pumau. I runga ake i te 650°C, ka huri hei wāhanga δ pumau (Ni₃Nb, orthorhombic) ka whakaiti i te kaha.
- Mā te roa o te wā e pāngia ana i te 600-800°C ka puta te āhua δ i ngā rohe o te kōanga, ka whakaiti i te pakari.
- Me tere te tere whakamatao i muri i te whakamahana i te otinga kia kore ai e puta he ua kino.
Ngā Hua e Wātea ana mai i Womic Steel
Paipa Tuitui me te Ngongo Tuitui
- Diameter o Waho:6mm – 350mm (1/4" – 14")
- Matotoru o te Pakitara:1mm – 40mm (Whakaritea mai i te 5S ki te XXS)
- Roa:Tae atu ki te 12m
- Ngā Paerewa:ASTM B983, AMS 5589, AMS 5590
- Ngā tono:Ngā ngongo whakawhiti wera, ngā pūnaha wai pēhanga teitei, ngā ngongo rererangi, ngā raina taputapu
- Ngā Kupumatua:Paipa tui Inconel 718, ngongo UNS N07718, ngongo tui 2.4668, paipa GH4169, ngongo nikara kaha teitei
Paipa Whakarewa
- Diameter o Waho:50mm – 1200mm (2" – 48")
- Matotoru o te Pakitara:1.0mm – 30mm
- Ngā Paerewa:ASTM B904, ASTM B906
- Ngā tono:Ngā paipa tukatuka whānui-rahi, ngā anga whakawhiti wera, ngā tono hanganga
- Ngā Kupumatua:Paipa Inconel 718 i whakarewaina, paipa koranu 718 ERW, paipa nikara whānui nui
Pae Rino (Porowhita, Tapawhā, Papatahi, Heki)
- Diameter:5mm – 600mm
- Mata:Hurihia wera, Kanapa (kumea matao), Hurihia, Hurihia, Tihoretia
- Ngā Paerewa:ASTM B637, AMS 5662 (Otinga Whakawerahia), AMS 5663 (Pakeke), AMS 5664
- Ngā tono:Ngā kōpae tāpine, ngā pou, ngā kakau takirere, ngā whakapiri, ngā pūtu, ngā pou, ngā rakau mīhini, ngā puna
- Ngā Kupumatua:Pae porowhita Inconel 718, pae UNS N07718, pae GH4169, pae koranu nikara, pae koranu tino kaha
Pereti me te Rau Rino
- Matotoru:0.5mm – 150mm
- Whānui:Tae atu ki te 2500mm
- Ngā Paerewa:ASTM B670, AMS 5596, AMS 5597
- Ngā tono:Ngā anga oko pēhanga, ngā wāhanga hanganga, ngā papa whāriki, ngā wāhanga motuka rōkete
- Ngā Kupumatua:Pereti Inconel 718, rau koranu 718, pereti GH4169, rau koranu pāmahana teitei
Koiri Rino me te Rīpene
- Matotoru:0.5mm – 6.0mm
- Whānui:10mm – 1500mm
- Ngā Paerewa:ASTM B670, AMS 5596
- Ngā tono:Ngā wāhanga kua hangaia, ngā pupuhi, ngā hononga whakawhānui, ngā tā, ngā ngongo angiangi
- Ngā Kupumatua:Koiri Inconel 718, rīpene koranu nikara, koiri GH4169
Ngā Āpiti me ngā Hononga Paipa
- Ngā momo:Kaki Whakarewa, Paheke-Ā-ringa, Matapo, Whakarewa Pūtake, Miro, Hononga Whāriki
- Ngā Rahi:1/2" – 48" (DN15 – DN1200)
- Whakatauranga Pēhanga:Akomanga 150 – Akomanga 2500
- Ngā Paerewa:ASTM B637, ASME B16.5, ASME B16.47
- Ngā Kupumatua:Ngā flange Inconel 718, flange kaki whakarewa koranu 718, ngā hononga N07718
Ngā mea hanga
- Ngā momo:Ngā mowhiti, ngā kōpae, ngā toki, ngā tinana takirere, ngā wāhanga tāpine, ngā āhuahanga ritenga
- Taumaha:Tae atu ki te 5,000kg ia wahi
- Ngā Paerewa:ASTM B637, AMS 5662, AMS 5663, AMS 5664
- Ngā tono:Ngā kōpae tāpine, ngā kōpae kōpeke, ngā anga miihini, ngā wāhanga motuka rōkete
- Ngā Kupumatua:Te hanga Inconel 718, te mowhiti hanga GH4169, te hanga kōpae tāpine
Ngā Takirere Inconel 718
- Ngā momo:Ngā takirere pōro, Ngā takirere kēti, Ngā takirere porowhita, Ngā takirere tirotiro
- Ngā Rahi:1/2" – 24" (DN15 – DN600)
- Whakatauranga Pēhanga:Akomanga 150 – Akomanga 2500
- Awhe Pāmahana:-253°C ki te +700°C
- Ngā Paerewa Hoahoa:API 608, API 6D, ASME B16.34
- Nohoanga:Mata mārō Stellite, RPTFE, PEEK
- Te Whakaoho:Ā-ringa, Haumātika, Hiko
- Ngā tono:HPHT hinu me te hau, te wehenga tukanga pāmahana-tiketike, ngā pūnaha whakahaere tāpine, ratonga karihi
- Ngā Kupumatua:Takirere pōro Inconel 718, takirere kuaha koranu 718, takirere nikara pāmahana teitei
Waea me ngā Whakamau
- Diameter Waea:0.5mm – 12mm
- Ngā Whakamau:Ngā pūtu, ngā nati, ngā pou, ngā tīwiri, ngā mōwhiti, ngā puna
- Ngā Paerewa:ASTM B637, AMS 5662, AMS 5663, AMS 5832
- Ngā Kupumatua:Waea Inconel 718, ngā here GH4169, ngā pūtu koranu nikara, ngā puna pāmahana teitei
Ngā tono o Inconel 718
Rererangi– Ko te Inconel 718 te paerewa ahumahi mō ngā wāhanga miihini jet tae atu ki ngā kōpae compressor pehanga-teitei, ngā kōpae turbine, ngā toki turbine, ngā mata compressor, ngā rūma mura, ngā wāhanga muri-mura, me ngā anga miihini. Ka whakamahia hoki te koranu mō ngā wāhanga motuka rōkete, ngā rūma pana, ngā turbopump, me ngā hanganga waka mokowhiti. Koinei te koranu super e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā tono rererangi.
Pūngao me te Whakaputa Hiko– He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te koranu i roto i ngā wāhanga tāpine hau tae atu ki ngā kōpae tāpine, ngā mata, ngā awa whakawhiti, me ngā hononga mō ngā tāpine hau e ahu mai ana i te whenua me te moana. Nā tōna ātete ngoki i te 650-700°C e pai ai mō te mahi roa i roto i ngā taputapu whakaputa hiko.
Ahumahi karihi– E whakamahia ana te Inconel 718 i roto i ngā oko pēhanga tauhohenga, ngā ngongo whakaputa mamaoa, ngā tikanga taraiwa tokotoko whakahaere, me ngā wāhanga o roto o te matua. Nā te iti o te ihirangi cobalt (≤1.0%) ka whakaitihia te whakahohenga irahiko, ā, he pai mō ngā tono karihi.
Hinu me te Hau– Kua tohua te koranu mō ngā taputapu pane puna pēhanga teitei (HPHT), ngā wāhanga ngongo o raro i te poka, ngā whakairi ngongo, ngā takirere, ngā papu, me ngā taputapu o raro i te moana i roto i ngā taiao ratonga kawa. Ka ātete a Inconel 718 ki te pakaru ahotea whanariki me te pakaru hauwai i puta i roto i ngā taiao kei roto ko te H₂S.
Ngā Whakamau Mahana-Teitei– Ko te Inconel 718 te rauemi paerewa mō ngā here pāmahana teitei tae atu ki ngā pūtu tāpoi, ngā pou, ngā nati, me ngā tīwiri e mahi ana i ngā pāmahana tae atu ki te 700°C. Ko tōna ātete ki te whakangāwari i te ahotea ka whakarite i te pumau o te hononga mō te wā roa.
Ngā tono Cryogenic– Ka mau tonu te pakari o te koranu i ngā pāmahana waikura tae noa ki te -253°C, ā, he pai mō ngā tāke me ngā pūnaha rokiroki hauwai wai me te hāora wai.
Ngā Paerewa me ngā Whakatakotoranga
| Puka Hua | Paerewa ASTM | Paerewa ASME | Paerewa AMS |
| Paipa/Ngongo Kore Tuitui | ASTM B983 | — | AMS 5589, AMS 5590 |
| Pae/Rākau | ASTM B637 | ASME SB-637 | AMS 5662, AMS 5663, AMS 5664 |
| Pereti/Rauemi/Rīpene | ASTM B670 | — | AMS 5596, AMS 5597 |
| Ngā mea hanga | ASTM B637 | ASME SB-637 | AMS 5662, AMS 5663, AMS 5664 |
| Waea | ASTM B637 | — | AMS 5832, AMS 5962 |
| Tohunga UNS | N07718 | ||
| Tau Werkstoff | 2.4668 | ||
| Tohu DIN | NiCr19Fe19NbMo | ||
| Taurite Hainamana | GH4169 / GH169 | ||
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha te rerekētanga i waenganui i a Inconel 718 me Inconel 625?
A: He tino kaha te Inconel 718 i roto i te kaha pāmahana teitei (tae atu ki te 700°C) mā te whakapakeketanga o te ua (ngā wāhanga γ″ me te γ′), ko te Inconel 625 ia he tino kaha ki te ātete ki te waikura (wai moana, waikawa) mā te whakapakari i te wairewa totoka. Kōwhiria te 718 mō ngā tono kaha-tino; whiriwhiria te 625 mō ngā taiao waikura-tino. Ko te kiato o te 718 he 8.19 g/cm³, ko te kiato o te 625 he 8.44 g/cm³.
Q: He aha te pāmahana ratonga mōrahi mō Inconel 718?
A: E whakaaetia ana te Inconel 718 mō te mahi roa tae atu ki te 700°C (1300°F). Ka taea te piki ake i te pāmahana poto tae atu ki te 980°C (1800°F) mō te ātete ki te waikura, engari ka heke te kaha ki runga ake i te 700°C.
Q: He ngāwari te whakarewa i te Inconel 718?
Āe. E kiia whānuitia ana te Inconel 718 ko te konukōre nikara tino kaha ki te whakarewa. He tino ātete ki te pakaru o te taumahatanga, ā, ka taea te whakarewa i roto i ngā āhuatanga whakamahana me te tawhito mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakarewa TIG, MIG, hihi irahiko, me te taiaho. E kiia ana he pai mō te whakarewa me te kore he raruraru pakaru i muri i te whakarewatanga.
Q: He aha ngā momo rite o Inconel 718 i Haina?
A: Ko ngā mea rite o Haina ko GH4169 me GH169 (GB/T 14992). E tutuki ana ēnei tohu ki ngā paerewa ā-motu o Haina mō ngā koranu pāmahana-tiketike.
P: He aha ngā momo hua e wātea ana mō Inconel 718?
A: Ka tukuna e Womic Steel te Inconel 718 i roto i ngā paipa kore hononga, ngā paipa whakarewa, te pae maitai, te pereti maitai, te koiri maitai, te rīpene, ngā flanges, ngā hononga, ngā hangahanga, ngā waea, ngā puna, ngā here, me ngā takirere. Kei te wāhanga wātea o te hua ngā whakatakotoranga hua katoa me ngā awhe rahi.
Q: Me whakamahana te Inconel 718?
Āe. Ka tutuki te kaha tino pai o Inconel 718 mā te whakamahana whakapakeke i te ua. Ko te tukanga paerewa ko te whakamahana i te otinga (927-1010°C) ā, muri iho ko te whakamaroke rua (718°C mō ngā hāora 8, whakamatao i te oumu ki te 620°C, pupuri mō ngā hāora 8-10).
Q: He aukume a Inconel 718?
A: Kāo. Kāore he aukume o te Inconel 718 i ngā āhuatanga katoa, nō reira he pai mō ngā tono me karo i te pokanoa aukume.
Q: He aha te mahi a Inconel 718 mō te ngenge?
A: He tino kaha te ātete o Inconel 718 ki te ngenge i ngā pāmahana teitei. Ko tōna rohe ngenge huringa-teitei (HCF) i te 650°C neke atu i te 400 MPa, e tika ana mō ngā tono e pāngia ana e te uta huringa me te ngenge wera.
Whakapā atu ki a Womic Steel
Paetukutuku: www.womicsteel.com
Ī-mēra: sales@womicsteel.com
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Womic Steel – Tō hoa pono mō ngā paipa Inconel 718 (UNS N07718, GH4169) he kore hononga, he paipa whakarewa, he pae maitai, he pereti maitai, he koiri maitai, he flanges, he hononga, he whakarewa, he takirere, he hononga, me ngā puna mō ngā tono hinu me te hau rererangi, te tāpoi hau, te karihi, me te HPHT puta noa i te ao. Kei te wātea te whai i ngā tuhinga katoa, te tiwhikete rōpū whakarōpū (CCS, ABS, BV, DNV, LR), me te EN 10204 Momo 3.1/3.2.
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