Paipa Whakakikoruatia ki te Konukōre T91+Koranu 28 | Ngongo Tuitui Kore-Tuitui, Ātete ki te Pāmahana Teitei + te Ātete ki te Waikura – Whakaahua Matua o te Rino Womic

Paipa Whakakikorua-Metara T91+Koranu 28 | Ngongo Tuitui Kore-Tuitui Ātete ki te Pāmahana Teitei + te Ātete ki te Waikura – Womic Steel

Whakaahuatanga Poto:

Paipa T91+Alloy 28 he mea whakakikorua ki te whakarewa. Ko te T91 o waho (X10CrMoVNb9-1) e whakarato ana i te kaha ngoki tae atu ki te 650°C; ko te Alloy 28 o roto (UNS N08028) e ātete ana ki te hauota teitei, te waikawa whanariki/fosforitika, me ngā āhuatanga kawa. I hangaia mā te whakarewanga porotītaha me te whakaputanga wera - he tino hononga kore, kāore he whakarewanga roa. He pai mō ngā ngongo wera nui, ngā kohua wera para, ngā whakawhiti wera matū pāmahana teitei.

Tukua mai he īmēra ki a mātou Ngā Whakatakotoranga Hua

Taipitopito Hua

Ngā Tohu Hua

Waho (Tuarua)

Waho (Tuarua):T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903 / A213 T91) – maitai ātete ki te ngokingoki martensitic, ratonga mōrahi 650°C

Ā-roto (Taupoki):Alloy 28 (UNS N08028 / 1.4563 / Sandvik 28) – teitei Cr/Ni/Mo/Cu austenitic alloy, PREN 38–40

Awhe Rahi:OD 38mm – 168mm; Matotoru o te pakitara o waho 4mm – 15mm; Matotoru o te hipoki 1.8mm – 3.5mm; Roa kotahi tae atu ki te 15m

Tukanga:Te whakarewatanga o te pūwero + te whakaputanga wera – te kaha kutikuti here whakarewa ≥300 MPa

Ngā Paerewa:ASTM A213 (T91), API 5LD (paipa whakakikoruatia), NACE MR0175, PED 2014/68/EU

Ngā tono:Ngā whakamahana/whakamahana anō o ngā poiha tino-tino-tino, ngā wae whakaora wera para (ngā tipu waikawa whanariki), ngā whakawhiti wera pāmahana teitei mō ngā hauwaiwai kua whakapūmuahia ki te hauota, ngā tipu koiora/para-ki-te-pūngao

1. Tirohanga Whānui – He aha i whakamahia ai te paipa T91+Alloy 28 Clad

He maha ngā wā ka puta he raruraru i te ratonga pāmahana teitei: ka waikura te rauemi kaha ki te ora i te ngokingoki (pēnei i te T91) i roto i ngā hau paipa kaha, i ngā awa tukanga rānei; ko te koranu e ātete ana ki te waikura (pēnei i te Koranu 28) kāore i te kaha ki te pāmahana teitei, ā, he tino utu nui.

Paipa whakakikoruatia ki te whakarewa T91+Alloy 28ka whakatauhia tēnei mā te wehewehe i ngā mahi:

lT91 o Wahoe anga atu ana ki te taiao pāmahana teitei (hei tauira, te hau paipa i te 600-650°C) ā, ka whakarato i te kaha pakaru ngokingoki.

lKoranu ā-roto 28ka whakahaere i te wai waikura (hei tauira, te wai whakapūkara waikawa, ngā pūhaumāota) i tōna mata o roto.

Ko te huingakore hononga– kāore he hononga whakarewa roa – nā te tukanga whakarewanga pūwero me te tukanga whakaputa wera. Mā tēnei ka whakakorea te wāhi ngoikore rawa atu i roto i ngā paipa kua whakakikoruatia.

Ngā whakaritenga noa e tino pai ai te T91+Alloy 28:

Whirihoranga	Taha o waho	Taha o roto	Tauira
Whakamahana nui o te kōhua	Hau hau (650°C, whakapūkara)	Kohu (450 550°C, parakore)	Ka ātete a T91 i te waikura o waho; Kāore e hiahiatia te koranu 28? Kāore he koranu motuhake e hiahiatia ana e te taha mamaoa. He tauira pai ake:He whakawhiti wera e rere ai te wai waikura ki roto– Ka taea e te T91 o waho te tu atu ki te pāmahana hau teitei; ka taea e te koranu 28 o roto te ātete ki te waikura.
Te whakamahinga tika:Ngongo i roto i te kohua wera para i raro i te tipu waikawa whanariki – he hau SO₂/SO₃ wera (~500°C) i waho (ka taea e te T91 te pupuri i te ngokingoki), ka taea e te waikawa waimeha te whakapūmau i roto i te wā e pakaru ana (he ātete Alloy 28). Ka whakamahia hoki i roto ingā kohua koiorate wāhi e puta ai te waikura pāmahana teitei nā te hau chlorine i roto i te hau paru – ka whakamahia te Alloy 28 hei arai o roto? He pai ake te whakatakoto i te uhi ki te taha ahi. Engari ko tā mātou hoahoa ka whakatakoto i te uhi ki roto, ko te tuara ki waho. Me whakahou te anga: Ka taea te whakatakoto i te paipa uhi ki ngā taha e rua. Ka taea e Womic te whakaputa me te CRA i runga i te ID (mō te waikura o roto) i runga rānei i te OD (mō te waikura o waho). Ko te T91+Alloy 28 e tukuna ana meKonumohe 28 i runga i te IDme T91 i runga i te OD.

Hei mārama:Ko te waho T91 (OD) e whakarato ana i te kaha pēhanga me te ātete ngoki; ko te roto Alloy 28 (ID) e ātete ana ki te waikura mai i te wai tukanga.Mena ko te waikura o waho te āwangawanga, ka taea e tātou te huri i ngā paparanga.

2. Ngā Whakatakotoranga Rauemi

2.1 Te Hanganga Matū (Noa, %)

Huānga	T91 (Waho)	Koranu 28 (Ā-roto)
Waro (C)	0.08–0.12	≤0.03
Hiraka (Si)	0.20–0.50	≤0.50
Manganēhi (Mn)	0.30–0.60	≤2.00
Whēkau (P)	≤0.020	≤0.030
Whānariki (S)	≤0.010	≤0.015
Konukōmiuma (Kr)	8.0–9.5	26.0–28.0
Nikara (Ni)	≤0.40	29.0–32.0
Molibdenuma (Mo)	0.85–1.05	3.0–4.0
Parahi (Cu)	—	0.6–1.4
Vanadium (V)	0.18–0.25	—
Niobium (Nb)	0.06–0.10	—
Hauota (N)	0.03–0.07	—

2.2 Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-ringa (Pamahana Rūma)

Taonga	T91	Koranu 28
Kaha Hua (min, MPa)	415	220
Kaha Kume (min, MPa)	585	500
Te roa (iti rawa, %)	20	30
Te pakeketanga (mōrahi, HB)	250	230

2.3 Kaha Pāmahana Teitei (T91)

Te pāmahana (°C)	Kaha Pakaru 100,000h (MPa)	Kaha Hua (MPa)
550	150	320
600	100	280
620	80	260
650	50	220

Ko te koranu 28 e whakawhāitihia ana ki te ~450°C i roto i te mahi waikura engari ka taea te tu atu i ngā pāmahana whakarewa teitei ake i raro i ngā āhuatanga kore waikura.

2.4 Ātete ki te Waikura (Koranu 28)

Taiao	Ātete
Waikawa whanariki (ngā kukū katoa)	Pai rawa atu tae atu ki te 80°C
Waikawa whākawa	Tino pai
Ngā hauhāora (te poka/te kapiti)	PREN 38 40, CPT ~50°C
H₂S + CO₂ + pūhaumāota	Tino pai (ratonga kino)
Ngā waikawa rauropi	Tino pai

He pai ake te mahi a te Alloy 28 i te 316L me te 904L i roto i ngā taiao waikawa nui te hauhā me te waikawa, ā, he rite tonu ki te Alloy 825 i te nuinga o te wā.

3. Tukanga Hanga – Te Makanga Porowhita Korekore + Te Whakaputa

Hipanga	Whakaahuatanga
1. Te whakarewanga pūwero o te ngongo Alloy 28	Ka makahia te koranu rewa 28 mā te porotītaha ki roto i tētahi ngongo matotoru-pakiaka.
2. Whakauruhia & huihuia	Kua whakaurua te mea parakore Alloy 28 ki roto i tētahi pereki maitai T91 (kua oti kē te mīhini kia uru).
3. Te whakaputanga wera	Ka whakamahanahia te papa whakarewa ki te 1150-1200°C, ka tukuna mā roto i te mata. Ko te ōwehenga whakaheke teitei (≥8:1) ka hanga he hononga whakarewa i te atanga. Ka whakatikatikahia hoki e te tukunga te hanganga o te kōpura.
4. Te kume/te haereere makariri (whiringa)	Mō ngā ātete kikī ake, mō ngā diameter iti ake rānei, ka whakamahia ngā haerenga makariri maha me te whakamahana waenga.
5. Te maimoatanga wera	Te Whakaōrite (1050°C) + te Whakamātao (760°C) mō te T91; Ka whakawerahia te wairewa o te Alloy 28 i taua huringa anō.
6. Te whakatikatika me te whakaoti	Te whakatikatika tika, te tapahi kia rite ki te roa, te whakapiko pito.
7. NDT me te whakamātautau	Tirohia te Wāhanga 4.

4. Te Mana Kounga me te Whakamātautau

Whakamātautau	Tikanga	Whānuitanga	Whakaae
Tātaritanga matū	OES	Ia wera (ngā paparanga e rua)	Mō ia whakaritenga rauemi
Bond UT	Tinana katoa, roa + kutikuti	Ngongo whakaputa 100%	Kāore e wetekina >50mm
Kukū @ RT	Tauira whakaroa	Mō ia puranga	E tutuki ana ngā whakaritenga
Te kume pāmahana teitei	600°C (whiringa kore)	Mō ia tono	I ripoatatia
Pakaru ngokingoki	600°C / 650°C (whiringa kore)	Mō ia tono	I ripoatatia
Whakamātautau whakapapatahi	Mō ASTM A1016	Ia rota	Kāore he pakaru
Whakamātautau waipū	1.5× te pēhanga hoahoa	Ia ngongo	Kāore he turuturu
Tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga	Maikoromita / taiaho	100%	OD, WT, roa
Te waikura ā-pūmua	ASTM A262 Mahi E (i runga i te Koranu 28)	Mō ia tono	Kāore he whakaekenga

Ngā tuhinga:EN 10204 Momo 3.1 (paerewa) Momo 3.2 rānei (kaiwhakaatu tuatoru).

5. Awhe Ahu

Ō (mm)	Tautoko (T91) Taumaha (mm)	Whakakikorua (Koranu 28) Taumaha (mm)	Te Roa Mōrahi (m)
38.1	4.0 – 8.0	1.8 – 2.5	15
44.5	5.0 – 8.0	1.8 – 2.5	15
51.0	5.0 – 10.0	2.0 – 2.8	15
63.5	5.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
76.2	6.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
88.9	6.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
101.6	6.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
114.3	6.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	12
141.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.2 – 3.5	12
168.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.5 – 3.5	12

Ka taea te hanga i te OD nui ake mā te herea i te rōra wera (tuitui whakarewa) – whakapā mai mō ētahi atu kōrero.

6. Ngā Whakamahinga Noa

● Ngā ngongo whakamahana/whakamahana anō mō ngā poiha tino-tino-tino– ina neke atu i te 600°C te pāmahana o te taha hau paru, ā, me tiaki te taha mamaoa, ngā putunga o roto rānei i te waikura.

●Ngā poiha whakaora wera para i roto i ngā tipu waikawa whanariki– te hau SO₂/SO₃ wera i waho, te mōrearea o te haukū waikawa ngoikore i roto. Ka whakarato te T91 i te kaha ngoki; Ka ātete te Alloy 28 ki te whakaekenga waikawa.

●Ngā whakawhiti wera pāmahana teitei mō ngā warowaihā whai kōrote– kei roto i te wai o roto ngā pūhaumāota me ngā waikawa waro tae atu ki te 400°C; ka ārai te Alloy 28 i te pakaru me te SCC.

●Ngā tipu koiora / para ki te pūngao– kei roto i te hau paipa te tote chlorine me te tote alkali; ka roa ake te ora o te ngongo kua whakakikoruatia ki te T91+Alloy 28 (me te Alloy 28 i te taha ahi).

●Kaiwhakahou hauwai / whakamatao hau syngas– te ratonga ina kitea te pāmahana teitei me te waikura nā te iti o ngā poke.

7. He aha i whiriwhiria ai te maitai Womic mō te T91+Alloy 28

●Hanganga maeneene– kāore he hononga whakarewa roa, ka whakakorea he pūwāhi rahunga noa i roto i te ratonga huringa pāmahana teitei.

● Ara whakaputa kua whakamātauhia– He wheako tō mātou ki te whakaputa i ngā ngongo angiangi, he iti te whānui, mō ngā tono pōro me ngā whakawhiti wera.

● Te āheinga piko-U– Te piko matao me te maimoatanga wera; ka taea te whakarato i ngā wāhanga whakamahana nui kua oti te hanga.

● Te whai i te katoa– Kua tohua ia ngongo ki ngā tau wera o te T91 me te Alloy 28.

● Tiwhikete– Kei te wātea te EN 10204 Momo 3.2; ka taea te mahi tahi me TÜV, BV, DNV rānei kia tutuki ai ngā ture mō te poiha.

8. Ngā Pātai Auau

Q: Ka taea te whakamahi i te T91+Alloy 28 mō te ratonga hauwai pēhanga teitei?
A: Ka ngawari te pakaru o te hauwai o te T91 i te pāmahana teitei. Mō te mahi hauwai, ka tūtohu mātou i te maitai koranu iti + 316L, Inconel 625 rānei. Whakapā mai ki a mātou mō ngā taunakitanga motuhake.

Q: Kei runga tonu i te ID te whakakikorua Alloy 28?
A: Ko tā mātou whirihoranga paerewa ko te Alloy 28 i te ID (taha wai). Mō ngā tono e pāngia ana e te waikura o waho (hei tauira, te hau paru waikura pāmahana teitei i waho), ka taea e mātou te whakaputa ngongo kua whakakikoruatia ki te Alloy 28 i te OD. Tena koa tohua te whakatakotoranga i te wā e tono ana.

Q: He aha te matotoru iti rawa o te whakakikorua mō te hononga pono?
A: Mō te whakapūtanga kore hononga, 1.5mm te iti rawa. Mō te nui o te waikura, ka tūtohu mātou kia ≥2.0mm.

Q: Ka taea e koe te tuku i ngā piko-U?
Āe. Ka piko mātao mātou ki te mandrel, ā, muri iho ka tukatukahia te wera katoa (whakamamae ahotea, whakatikatika rānei + whakamahana) me te 100% NDT o te wāhanga piko.

P: He aha te whakataurite i waenganui i te Alloy 28 me te Incoloy 825?
A: He nui ake te Cr me te Ni o te koranu 28, he iti ake te Mo, ā, kei roto ko te Cu. He tino ōrite te ātete ki te waikura whānui. He iti ake te utu o te koranu 28 i Ūropi; he nui ake te whakamahi i te Incoloy 825 i ngā kaupapa motuhake o Amerika. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā mea e rua mō ngā ratonga waikawa/hauora rite. Ka tukuna e mātou tētahi o ēnei mēnā ka tonoa mai.