He aha i noho ai tēnei aratohu (me te aha hoki me aro nui koe)
Mena kua hokona e koe tētahi kohua para, e mōhio ana koe ki te mahi: ka tukuna atu e ngā kaiwhakarato he whakatau utu me te taumata rauemi, he pepa raraunga kotahi whārangi pea, me te kupu whakaari "koinei te taumata pai rawa atu mō tō oumu." Engari i te pakaru o te kohua i muri i ngā marama 18, ka mea taua kaiwhakarato anō, "he tino kino rawa ō āhuatanga whakahaere."
I tuhia e mātou tēnei aratohu nā te mea e kite ana mātou i te pōhēhētanga i ia rā, i ia rā. Ka pātai mai ngā kaiwhakahaere o te mira ki a mātou:
● He aha te rerekētanga tūturu i waenganui i a ZG270-500 me GS-20Mn5?
● He aha te take he iti ake te utu o te ASTM A27 60-30 engari he iti ake te kaha whakaputa?
● Ka taea e au te whakamahi i te rauemi kotahi mō ngā kohua para EAF me BOF?
Mā tēnei aratohu koe e whakautu tika – kāore he mahi hokohoko, kāore he kaupapa huna. Ka whakatauritea e mātou ngā rauemi e toru e tino kitea ana mō te kohua para, ka kī atu ki a koe te wāhi e pai ai te mahi o ia mea, me te wāhi e kore ai e pai.
*Whakakape: E hangai ana tēnei ki ngā wheako whakarewa 20+ tau o Womic Steel me ngā urupare mai i ngā wheketere maitai neke atu i te 200 puta noa i te ao. Tērā pea ka rerekē ō āhuatanga whakahaere.*
Ngā Kaitono e Toru – Tirohanga Whānui
| Tau | Paerewa | Te Whakamahinga Noa i roto i ngā Kohua Para | Tāurangi Utu Tata |
| ZG270-500 | GB/T 11352 (Haina) | Whānui, āhuarangi ngawari | 1.0 (tūāpapa) |
| GS-20Mn5 | DIN 17182 (Tiamana) | Te ru wera nui, te pāmahana iti | 1.4 – 1.6 |
| ASTM A27 60-30 | ASTM (USA) | He iti ki te taurite te utu, ngā kaupapa o Amerika | 1.1 – 1.2 |
ZG270-500koia te hoiho mahi a ngā whare whakarewa rino Hainamana. He iti te utu, he ngāwari ki te whakarewa, ā, he pai te mahi i roto i te maha o ngā mira maitai – inā koa i ngā rohe mahana ake me ngā mahi pumau.
GS-20Mn5ko te kōwhiringa tino pai mō ngā tono uaua: te pahikara auau, te makariri o te rangi, me te wāhi e hiahiatia ana te tiwhikete ki ngā paerewa Pākehā. Ehara i te mea ko te matū anake – he tino pakari ake te tikanga maimoatanga wera.
ASTM A27 60-30Ko te paerewa Amerikana he rite ki te ZG270-500 engari he rerekē ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau. He maha ngā wā ka tohua mō ngā kaupapa e utua ana e ngā umanga o Amerika, ina rānei he Amerikana te umanga miihini.
Te Hanganga Matū – Ngā Tau Tūturu
Me waiho ngā ingoa hokohoko ki te taha, ka titiro ki te tātaritanga koko tuturu. He whānuitanga noa ēnei mō te hanga kohua para (ehara i te iti rawa/mōrahi mō ia paerewa – kua whakakaha ake mātou i ēnei kia pai ake ai te mahi).
| Huānga | ZG270-500 (Noa) | GS-20Mn5 (Noa) | ASTM A27 60-30 (Noa) |
| Waro (C) | 0.30 – 0.37% | 0.18 – 0.23% | 0.28 – 0.32% |
| Hiraka (Si) | 0.30 – 0.50% | 0.30 – 0.50% | 0.30 – 0.60% |
| Manganēhi (Mn) | 1.10 – 1.40% | 1.00 – 1.50% | 0.90 – 1.20% |
| Whēkau (P) | ≤0.030% (e whai ana mātou kia 0.020) | ≤0.020% | ≤0.040% |
| Whānariki (S) | ≤0.030% (e whai ana mātou kia 0.020) | ≤0.020% | ≤0.040% |
| Konukōmiuma (Kr) | Kāore i tohua | ≤0.30% | Kāore i tohua |
| Nikara (Ni) | Kāore i tohua | ≤0.40% | Kāore i tohua |
| Molibdenuma (Mo) | Kāore i tohua | ≤0.10% | Kāore i tohua |
Te tikanga o tēnei i te ao tūturu:
●He iti ake te waro i roto i te GS-20Mn5(0.18-0.23%) te tikanga he pai ake te kaha whakarewa me te pakari ake, inā koa i ngā pāmahana iti. Ka whakaitihia hoki te tūponotanga o te pakaru hauwai.
●P me te S piriponoKa whakaitihia e te GS-20Mn5 te haehae wera, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ngāwari o te hanga. He mea nui tēnei ina whakamahanatia, ina whakamataotia hoki tō kohua para – mā te iti o ngā poke ka roa ake te ora.
●Kāore he Cr/Ni/Mo kua tohuai roto i te ZG270-500 me te ASTM A27, ko te tikanga ka taea e te whare whakarewa te whakamahi i te maitai waro parakore me te kore he huānga whakarewa. He pai tēnā mō ngā āhuatanga ngawari, engari kāore mō te ātete ki te ngenge wera.
Me pēhea te whakatau
Whāia ngā pātai kia rite ki te raupapa. I runga i ō whakautu, tīpakohia te rauemi e taunakitia ana.
Hipanga 1: Kei raro iho i te 0°C te pāmahana e mahi ana tō tipu mō ngā marama neke atu i te 2 i te tau?
ĀE→ Haere ki te Hipanga 2
NO→ Haere ki te Hipanga 3.
Hipanga 2 (mō ngā taiao pāmahana iti): Me whiwhi tiwhikete Pākehā koe (PED / EN 10204 3.2)?
ĀE→ KōwhiriGS-20Mn5(me te whakamātautau pānga -20°C ≥27J).
NO→ KōwhiriZG310-570(he momo Hainamana uaua ake) rāneiGS-20Mn5(mēnā ka taea e te tahua).
*He putanga whakapai ake a ZG310-570 o ZG270-500, he kaha ake, he ātete pai ake hoki ki te ngenge wera.*
Hipanga 3 (mō te pāmahana iti noa, mō ētahi wā rānei): E neke atu ana i te 10 ngā huringa wera o tō kohua para i ia rā (hei tauira, te EAF, te whakamahine LF auau rānei)?
ĀE→ KōwhiriGS-20Mn5(kua pai ake te roa o te ora i roto i te ngenge wera).
NO→ Haere ki te Hipanga 4.
Hipanga 4 (mō ngā āhuatanga iti te auau, ngawari): Kei te USA tō kaupapa, kei te tautokona rānei e ngā umanga o US?
ĀE→ KōwhiriASTM A27 60-30(e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa o Amerika).
NO→ KōwhiriZG270-500(tino iti te utu, te uara pai rawa atu).
Ripanga Whakarāpopototanga
| Āhua Whakahaere | Rauemi i Manakohia |
| He iti te pāmahana + me whai tiwhikete Pākehā | GS-20Mn5 (me te pānga -20°C) |
| He iti te pāmahana + kāore he tiwhikete Pākehā | ZG310-570, GS-20Mn5 rānei |
| Te huringa wera nui (>10 wera/rā) | GS-20Mn5 |
| Kaupapa o Amerika, i tautokona rānei e Amerika | ASTM A27 60-30 |
| He pāmahana ngawari, he huringa iti, he kaupapa ehara i te US | ZG270-500 (tino ohanga) |
Ngā Āhuatanga Mīhini – Ngā Mea Ka Whiwhi Koe i runga i te Pepa, me Ngā Mea Ka Whiwhi Koe i roto i te Mira
| Taonga | ZG270-500 | GS-20Mn5 | ASTM A27 60-30 |
| Kaha Hua (min, MPa) | 270 | 300 | 207 |
| Kaha Kume (min, MPa) | 500 | 480-630 | 414 |
| Te roa (iti rawa, %) | 18 | 22 | 24 |
| Te Pakari o te Pānga (Charpy V) | Kāore e hiahiatia (ka whakamātauhia i te 20°C) | 27J i te -20°C noa | 20J i te 20°C noa |
| Te Mahana Ratonga Mōrahi (tonu) | ~600°C | ~650°C | ~600°C |
| Ātete ki te Ngenge Wera | Tūāpapa | ~40% pai ake | Tūāpapa + |
Nā, me wetewete tātou i tēnei ripanga mō tāu mahi o ia rā:
●Te kaha o te hua– He nui ake te hua o te GS-20Mn5 (300 vs 270 MPa), nō reira ka ātete ki te whakarerekētanga i raro i ngā kawenga paru taimaha. Ka kitea tēnei ina utaina rawatia te kohua, ina kaha rānei te kaiwhakahaere o te kerēni.
●Te whakaroa– He nui ake te roa o te ASTM A27 (24% vs 18%), arā, ka taea e ia te totoro ake i mua i te pakaru. Engari i roto i ngā kohua para, ko te roa o te roa i runga ake i te 18% he mea whakawhāiti – ko te ngenge wera te mea nui.
●Te pakari o te pānga– Koinei te mea nui. Ko te GS-20Mn5 ka whakamatautauria i te -20°C. Mena kei Siberia, kei te raki o Kanata, kei te raki rānei o Haina tō mira i te takurua, he mea nui tēnei. Tērā pea ka pakarukaru te ZG270-500 me te ASTM A27 i ngā pāmahana i raro i te kore.
*He kōrero tūturu: I whakamahia e tētahi mira i roto o Mongolia ngā kohua ZG270-500. I te marama o Hānuere, me te pāmahana o waho -25°C, ka pakaru te kohua i te wā tuatahi o te whakakīnga o te rā. I huri rātou ki te GS-20Mn5 – kāore he pakaru o te takurua.*
Te Utu me te Mahi – Ko tēhea te mea e homai ana ki a koe te ROI pai rawa atu?
Kua aruhia e mātou ngā raraunga utu me te roanga o te ora mai i ngā mira maitai e 47 mō ngā tau e 5. Anei ngā mea i kitea e mātou:
| Tau | Utu Pai rawa atu | Ngā Huringa Toharite ki te Rahunga | Te utu mō ia 1,000 Huringa |
| ZG270-500 | Tūāpapa | 4,200 huringa | $X (tūāpapa) |
| ASTM A27 60-30 | +10-15% | 4,500 huringa | 0.95X |
| GS-20Mn5 | +40-60% | 7,500 huringa | 0.85X |
He tohu noa iho ngā tau – ka rerekē pea ō maero i runga i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere.
Ko te mea whakamiharo:Ahakoa te utu nui ake i te tīmatanga, he maha ngā wā ka tukuna e te GS-20Mn5 tete utu iti rawa mō ia huringanā te mea e tata rua te roa o tōna roa. Engari he raruraru anō tēnei: me tika te whakamahana (whakamātautau me te whakamahana). E kī ana ētahi whare hanga whakarewa kei te tuku i te GS-20Mn5 engari he rauemi noa iho te mea e tukuna ana – kāore e rite te roa o te ora.
Āhea te whakamahi i te ZG270-500:
● He ngawari tō mahi (kāore he ru wera e pāngia pinepine)
● Kāore koe e mahi i raro i te 0°C
● He iti tō tahua, ā, ka taea e koe te whakaae ki te roa o te wā e hiahiatia ana
● Ka whakakapia e koe ngā kohua i ia 2-3 tau
Āhea te whakamahi i te ASTM A27 60-30:
● E hiahiatia ana ngā rauemi ASTM mō tō whakatakotoranga kaupapa
● Me whakamana e koe te hiahia o tētahi kamupene miihini, kaituku moni rānei o Amerika
● Kāore koe e hiahia ki te utu i te utu GS-20Mn5 engari e hiahia ana koe ki ngā tuhinga pai ake i te ZG270-500
Āhea te whakamahi i te GS-20Mn5:
● Ka mahi koe i ngā wā katoa, i ngā rā katoa, me ngā huringa wera nui (EAF, te whakamahi auau rānei i te LF)
● Ka heke te pāmahana o tō taiao i raro i te hukapapa
● E hiahia ana koe ki te utu iti rawa mō ia tana o te maitai i hangaia mō te wā roa
● Me whai tiwhikete Pākehā koe (PED, EN 10204 3.2)
Ngā Whakaaro Hē Noa – Ngā Mea e Rongohia ana e Tātou mai i ngā Kaihoko
Whakaaro hē 1: "Ko te kaha kume teitei ake te tikanga he pai ake te kohua para."
Kāore i te pono. Kāore i te maha te whakamahinga o te kaha kume i runga ake i te 450 MPa i roto i te mahi kohua para. Ko te mea e mate ai ngā kohua ko te ngenge wera me te pānga, ehara i te kume pumau. He iti ake te kume o te GS-20Mn5 i te ZG270-500 engari he pai ake te ātete ki te ngenge.
Whakaaro Hē 2: "Ka taea e ngā whare whakarewa katoa te hanga i te GS-20Mn5 – he paerewa noa iho."
He hē. Me tino tika te maimoatanga wera mō te GS-20Mn5: me tinei (wai, hau kaha rānei) me whakamahana. He maha ngā whare hanga whakarewa e peke ana i te taahiraa tinei, ā, ka whakataurite noa. Ka whiwhi koe i te matū o te GS-20Mn5 engari ko ngā āhuatanga o te ZG270-500. Pātai atu mō ngā rekoata maimoatanga wera me ngā kōtaha pakeke.
Whakaaro Hē 3: “Kua whakamahia tonutia e mātou te ZG270-500, ā, he pai tonu.”
Kotahi te pātai: e mōhio ana koe ki ō huringa tuturu ki te pakaru? He maha ngā mira e whakaae ana he "pai" te 3,000 huringa – engari ka taea e koe te whiwhi 7,000 huringa me te rauemi pai ake. He mea tika kia tatauhia te utu huna mō te whakakapinga wawe me te wā kore mahi.
Ngā Mea hei Pātai atu ki tō Kaiwhakarato Ipu Para (Rārangi Arowhai)
I mua i te whakaoti i tētahi ota, pātaihia ēnei pātai – mā ngā whakautu koe e mōhio mēnā e mōhio ana te kaiwhakarato ki ā rātou mahi.
1."He aha te whānuitanga matū paerewa mō tēnei taumata, kaua ko ngā rohe paerewa anake?"
Ka whāiti te awhe ka tukuna e te kaiwhakarato pai ki a koe (hei tauira, C: 0.30-0.35%, ehara i te 0.30-0.40%).
2."Kei te whakahaerehia e koe ngā whakamātautau pānga i te 0°C, i te -20°C rānei? Ka taea e koe te whakaatu mai i ngā hua?"
Mō te ZG270-500, he maha ngā kaiwhakarato kāore e whakamātautau i te pānga. Mō te GS-20Mn5, ko te -20°C te paerewa.
3."He aha te huringa maimoatanga wera mō tēnei rauemi?"
Kia tika: te pāmahana whakaausteniti, te wā rumaki mō ia inihi o te wāhanga, te rauemi tinei, te pāmahana me te wā whakamātao.
4."He pūrongo whakamātautau huringa wera whakangaro tāu mō tēnei rauemi?"
He iti noa iho ngā whare whakarewa e mahi ana i tēnei. Ka whakaratohia e Womic Steel tētahi mēnā ka tonoa mai.
5."Ka taea e koe te whakarato i te mahere matotoru o te pakitara me te pūrongo ultrasonic?"
Mā tēnei ka ōrite te matotoru – he hapa huna tēnei i roto i ngā kohua para whakarewa.
Taunakitanga Whakamutunga
Mō te nuinga o ngā mira reo-waenga i ngā āhuarangi reo-waenga:Tīmata ki te ZG270-500. He iti te utu, ā, ka oti pai te mahi. Engari tonoa hekua whakaōritehia me te whakamāmāte maimoatanga wera – he maha ngā kaiwhakarato ka whakataurite noa iho, ka whakaiti i te pakari.
Mō ngā mira he makariri te takurua, he auau teitei rānei te mahi:Whakangao ki rotoGS-20Mn5he hanganga kua tineihia, kua whakamahanahia hoki. Ka utua te utu ā-mua i roto i ngā tau e rua mā te iti ake o ngā whakakapinga me te iti ake o te wā kore mahi.
Mō ngā kaupapa motuhake o Amerika:Ko te ASTM A27 60-30 te kōwhiringa haumaru. Heoi, ki te mea he uaua ō āhuatanga mahi, whakapai ake ki te ASTM A27 65-35 (he nui ake te hua).
Ahakoa he aha tāu e whiriwhiri ai, tuhia katoatia ngā mea katoa.Kaua e waiho he wāhi mō te whakamārama i te whānuitanga matū, te huringa maimoatanga wera, ngā tikanga NDT, me ngā paearu whakaae.
Kāore anō kia tino mōhio? Me kōrero tāua mō tō mahi motuhake
He rerekē ia wheketere maitai. Ka taea e mātou te arotake i te mahi o tō ipu para o nāianei – mai i ngā huringa ki te pakaru, ngā whakaahua aratau pakaru, te pāmahana whakahaere, me te kaha o te kerēni – kātahi ka tūtohu i te rauemi me te hoahoa tino pai.
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Womic Steel – Ehara i te mea ko ngā kohua para anake tā mātou e hoko ana; ka āwhina mātou i a koe ki te whiriwhiri i te mea tika mō tō mira.
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