Paipa Whakapaipai Kore-Tuitui SA-213 T91 / UNS N08028 (Koranu 28) | Matua Ātete-Ngokingoki + Whakapaipai Koranu Teitei mō te Ratonga Pāmahana Teitei me te Waikawa – Whakaahua Matua o te Rino Womic

SA-213 T91 / UNS N08028 (Koranu 28) Paipa Whakakikorua Kore-Tunutunu | Matua Ātete-Ngokingoki + Whakakikorua Koranu Teitei mō te Ratonga Pāmahana Teitei me te Waikawa – Womic Steel

Whakaahuatanga Poto:

Paipa honohono-whakarewa kore-tuitui – matua SA 213 T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903) me te whakakikorua o roto o UNS N08028 (Arotahi 28 / 1.4563). I hangaia mā te whakaputa wera, te whakaotinga matao, te whakamahana, me te whakapūkara. I hangaia mō ngā whakamahana nui o ngā poiha tino-tino-tino, ngā waeine whakaora wera para i roto i ngā tipu waikawa, ngā poiha koiora me te haukini teitei, me ngā whakawhiti wera matū pāmahana-teitei e hiahiatia ana te kaha ngoki me te ātete waikura.

Tukua mai he īmēra ki a mātou Ngā Whakatakotoranga Hua

Taipitopito Hua

Ngā Tohu Hua

Rauemi Matua (Tautoko)

Rauemi Matua (Tautoko):SA-213 T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903) – maitai ātete ki te ngokingoki martensitic, 9%Cr, 1%Mo, V+Nb; pāmahana ratonga mōrahi 650°C

Whakatakotoranga (whakatakotoranga CRA):UNS N08028 (Arotahi 28 / 1.4563) – arotahi austenitic teitei (27%Cr, 31%Ni, 3.5%Mo, 1%Cu); PREN 38-40; ātete ki te waikawa whanariki/phosphoric, ki ngā hauota teitei, ki ngā taiao kawa

Awhe Rahi:OD 38 – 168 mm; Matotoru o te pakitara matua 4 – 15 mm; Matotoru o te hipoki 2.0 – 3.5 mm; roa kotahi tae atu ki te 15 m

Tukanga:Te whakaputa wera → te whakaotinga matao → te maimoatanga wera (te whakataurite + te whakamahana mō te T91, te whakamahana otinga mō te Koranu 28) → te whakapūkara. He tino kore hononga, kāore he hononga roa. Te kaha kutikuti hononga whakarewa ≥300 MPa.

Ngā Paerewa:ASME Wāhanga II Wāhanga A (SA-213/SA-213M), EN10216-2 (mō T91), ASTM SB-668 (N08028), EN10088-3 (1.4563), EN12952-2, ASTM E213, ISO 10893-10.

Te whakamātautau:100% waipū, ultrasonic kia rite ki te ASTM E213/ISO 10893-10, te kume (mahana rūma me te pāmahana teitei), te pakeke, te whakatārewatanga, me te whakamātautau waikura intergranular whiriwhiri (ASTM A262 Practice E) mō te whakakikorua. Tiwhikete EN 10204 Momo 3.1 (Momo 3.2 whiriwhiri).

Ngā tono:Ngā whakamahana/whakamahana whakamutunga mō ngā kohua tino-tino-tino (650°C), ngā kohua whakaora wera para i roto i ngā tipu waikawa whanariki, ngā kohua koiora/para-ki-te-pūngao (waikura māota), ngā whakawhiti wera pāmahana teitei mō ngā hauwaiwaro māota, ngā whakamahana whare whakapai me te whāngai whanariki/māota nui.

Womic SteelE whakarato ana i ngā paipa T91+Alloy 28-kākahu – te otinga tino pai mō te ngoki pāmahana teitei me te waikura kino. Kua whakamātauhia i roto i te whakaputa hiko, ngā tipu waikawa, me te para-ki-te-pūngao matatau. Ka taea te whai i te katoa, kua rite ki te tirotiro a te hunga tuatoru. Whakapā mai ki a mātou mō ngā raraunga hangarau me te utu motuhake mō te kaupapa.

1. He aha i whiriwhiria ai te paipa SA-213 T91 + UNS N08028 (Alloy 28)?

1.1 Te Wero

Kāore e taea e ngā rauemi e rua te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga ratonga tino nui:

● T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1)He tino kaha te pakaru o te ngoki tae atu ki te 650°C, ā, he pai hoki te ātete ki te waikura, engari he iti noa iho tōna ātete ki te waikura i roto i ngā taiao waikawa, nui te hauwaiora, kawa rānei. Ka tere te whakaeke a te hau haurehu (waikawa whanariki/waikawa phosphoric) me ngā hauwaiora taha-tukanga rānei i te T91.

●Koranu Totoka 28 (UNS N08028)He ātete tino pai ki te waikawa whanariki, te waikawa phosphoric, te hauota teitei, me te pakaru waikura ahotea. Heoi, he utu nui, ā, kāore i te kaha te ngoki e hiahiatia ana mō ngā tono poihau pēhanga teitei, pāmahana teitei.

1.2 Te Otinga

●Paipa whakakikoruatia 28 T91+Koranue hono ana i tētahi matua T91 matotoru (e ātete ana i te pēhanga me te ngoki) me tētahi paparanga angiangi (2-3.5 mm) o roto o te Alloy 28 (e ātete ana i te waikura). He mea whakarewa te hononga – kāore he hinganga o te raina, kāore he waikura o te kapiti. Ko te hua:

●Matua T91e whakarite ana kia tutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te ASME Wāhanga I / EN12952 mō te pāmahana whakarewa tae atu ki te 650°C.

● Whakakikorua koranu 28ātete ki te haukū waikawa whanariki, ki te hauota nui, me ngā waikawa waro, e tiaki ana i te ngongo mai i roto.

●Utuhe 40-60% te iti iho i te ngongo totoka Alloy 28 he ōrite te whakatauranga pēhanga.

He whānuitia te whakamahinga o tēnei ranunga i roto i:

●Ngā wāhanga whakamahana nui/whakamahana anō whakamutungao ngā kohua waro tino-tino-tino i reira ngā whakaekenga o te waikura taha hau paru (nā te nui o te whanariki o te waro) i whakamahia i te T91 anake.

●Ngā poiha whakaora wera para (WHRB)i raro i ngā tipu waikawa whanariki – kei roto i te hau te SO₃, ā, i te wā e tīmata ana te mahi, ka whakapūpū te waikawa ki runga i ngā mata o ngā ngongo.

●Ngā poiha koiora / para-ki-te-pūngao– ka nui te waikura o te hauota i roto i te wahie; ka roa ake te ora o te ngongo nā te whakakikorua koranu 28 i te taha ahi (i te taha o roto rānei, i runga i te tahora).

●Ngā whakawhiti wera pāmahana teiteimō ngā tukanga matū e whakamahi ana i ngā hauwaiwai kōrote, i ngā waikawa wera rānei.

1.3 Ara Whakaputa

Te whakaputa wera + te whakaotinga matao + te maimoatanga wera + te whakapūkara. Mā te tukanga ka kore he hononga whakarewa roa i roto i te ngongo, koinei te wāhi pakaru e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i ngā paipa kua whakakikoruatia i raro i te ngenge wera.

2. Ngā Whakatakotoranga Rauemi – T91 Matua me te Whakakikorua Koranu 28

2.1 Te Hanganga Matū (% mā te papatipu)

Huānga	SA 213 T91 (Matua)	UNS N08028 (Koranu 28 / Whakakikorua)
Waro (C)	0.08 – 0.12	≤0.03
Hiraka (Si)	0.20 – 0.50	≤0.50
Manganēhi (Mn)	0.30 – 0.60	≤2.00
Whēkau (P)	≤0.020	≤0.030
Whānariki (S)	≤0.010	≤0.015
Konukōmiuma (Kr)	8.0 – 9.5	26.0 – 28.0
Molibdenuma (Mo)	0.85 – 1.05	3.0 – 4.0
Nikara (Ni)	≤0.40	29.0 – 32.0
Parahi (Cu)	—	0.6 – 1.4
Vanadium (V)	0.18 – 0.25	—
Niobium (Nb)	0.06 – 0.10	—
Hauota (N)	0.03 – 0.07	—
Rino (Fe)	Taurite	Taurite

He maitai ātete-ngoki martensitic te T91; he koranu teitei austenitic katoa te koranu 28 me te Cr, Ni, Mo, me te Cu teitei – e whakarato ana i te ātete tino pai ki ngā waikawa whakaiti me te waikura, te rua pūhaumāota, me te SSC.

2.2 Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-ringa (Pamahana Rūma)

Taonga	T91 Matua	Whakakikorua Koranu 28
Kaha Hua (min, MPa)	415	220
Kaha Kume (min, MPa)	585	500
Te roa (iti rawa, %)	20	30
Te pakeketanga (mōrahi)	250 HB	230 HB

2.3 Kaha Ngoki Pāmahana Teitei (Matua T91)

Te pāmahana (°C)	Kaha Pakaru 100,000h (MPa)	0.2% Tepe Ngoki (MPa)
550	150	120
580	120	95
600	100	80
620	80	60
650	55	40

Kāore te koranu 28 i hangaia mō te kawe kawenga i ngā pāmahana tiketike; ko tana mahi he tiaki waikura noa iho. Ko te matua T91 te kawenga ā-ringa.

2.4 Te Ātete ki te Waikura o te Whakakikorua Koranu 28

Taiao	Taumata Ātete
Waikawa whanariki (0-80% te kukū, tae atu ki te 80°C)	Tino pai
Waikawa phosphoric (ngā kukū katoa)	Tino pai
Waikawa hauwai (wairewa, pāmahana rūma)	Pai
Ngā hauhāora (te poka/te kapiti)	PREN 38-40; pāmahana poka whakahirahira (CPT) ~50°C
H₂S + CO₂ + pūhaumāota (ratonga kawa)	Tino pai; e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga NACE MR0175
Ngā waikawa rauropi (acetic, formic, me ētahi atu)	Tino pai

*He pai ake te Alloy 28 i te 316L, 904L, tae atu ki te 254SMO i roto i ngā huinga waikawa me te pūhaumāota maha.*

2.5 Atanga Here

Taonga	Uara
Momo here	Te whakarewa (te horapa)
Kaha kutikuti (pana ki waho)	≥300 MPa (kāore e wehewehea i raro i te huringa wera)
Te rohenga hapa e whakaaetia ana e te UT	Kāore he wehenga >50 mm; te wehenga katoa <2% o te horahanga atanga

2.6 Awhe Ahu

Ō (mm)	Taumaha Matua (mm)	Taumaha Whakakikorua (mm)	Te Roa Mōrahi (m)
38.1	4.0 – 8.0	2.0 – 2.5	15
44.5	5.0 – 8.0	2.0 – 2.8	15
51.0	5.0 – 10.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
63.5	5.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
76.2	6.0 – 12.0	2.2 – 3.0	15
88.9	6.0 – 12.0	2.5 – 3.2	15
101.6	6.0 – 12.0	2.5 – 3.5	15
114.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.5 – 3.5	12
141.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.5 – 3.5	12
168.3	10.0 – 15.0	3.0 – 3.5	12

*Ka taea te OD nui ake (tae atu ki te 500 mm) mā te herea rōra wera + JCOE; whakapā mai mō te wātea.*

3. Tukanga Hanga – Te Whakaputa Wera, Te Whakaoti Matao, Te Maimoatanga Wera, Te Whakapūkara

E aro nui ana te ara hanga ki ngā whakaritenga maimoatanga wera rerekē o te martensitic T91 me te austenitic Alloy 28.

Hipanga	Whakaahuatanga	Ngā Pūwāhi Whakahaere
1. Papa hangarua	Pūwero T91, whakaurunga ngongo koranu 28. Hiri korehau (<10 Pa).	Te ma o te mata; te āhua porowhita
2. Te whakaputanga wera	1180 1220°C, ōwehenga whakaiti ≥8:1.	Te pāmahana, te tere, te hinu whakahinuhinu
3. Whakamatao hau	I muri i te whakaputanga, ka whakamataohia te ngongo ki te hau (ka tīmata te whakaputanga martensitic).	Te tere whakamatao
4. Whakaotinga makariri	Te kume/te hikoi matao ki ngā rahinga whakamutunga.	He maha ngā haerenga, he whakamahana waenga (he whakangawari i te Koranu 28).
5. Te whakamahana (tino nui)	Te whakataurite i te pāmahana ki te 1040-1060°C (te whakamatao i te hau, te whakamatao tere rānei) + te whakamahana i te 760-780°C. Mā tēnei ka tutuki te hanganga moroiti T91 whakamutunga (te martensite whakamahana). I te wā kotahi, ka whakamahanahia te whakakikorua Alloy 28 ki te otinga.	Te rekoata o te oumu, te whakamātautau pakeke
6. Te pīkara	Ka tangohia e te kaukau HNO₃+HF te unahi waikura mai i te T91 me te Alloy 28.	Te wā, te pāmahana, te kukū waikawa
7. Whakatikatikahia, tapahia hoki	E ai ki te roanga whakamutunga.	Te Tika ≤1.5mm/m
8. NDT me te wai	Mō ia Wāhanga 4	Te whai i te katoa
9. Whakamutua te whakaotinga	He whakarara/ he papatahi; he kōwhiringa te paninga pata (he whakakī koranu 625, he whakakī koranu 28 rānei ki te mata whakarara).	Ahu

Huanga kounga matua:Mā te maimoatanga wera ka puta he matua T91 me te kaha ngoki tika me te whakakikorua Alloy 28 me te ātete katoa ki te waikura, katoa i roto i te huringa kotahi.

4. Tirotiro me te Whakamātautau – Te Whakatutuki i ngā Whakaritenga ASME, EN, me te Kiritaki

Mō ngā paipa T91+Alloy 28, ka whakatinanahia e mātou he kaupapa pakari, tae atu ki ngā whakamātautau e tika ana mō te mahi pāmahana teitei.

Whakamātautau	Paerewa	Whānuitanga	Whakaae
Tātaritanga matū	OES	Ia wera (uho me te whakakikorua)	ASME SA-213 T91, ASTM SB-668
Ultrasonic (whakaroa me te here)	ASTM E213 + ISO 10893-10	100%	Kāore he hapa e taea te whakakore, he pono te hononga
Whakamātautau waipū	ASME SA-450 / EN12952-2	Ia ngongo	Kāore he turuturu, he pai te whakawhanui tuturu
Te pāmahana rūma (te kume)	ASME / EN	Mō ia wera (matua)	T91: YS≥415 MPa, TS≥585 MPa
Te kume pāmahana teitei	600°C (whiringa kore)	Mō ia wera	Me ripoata (ehara i te mea iti rawa)
Whakamātautau pakaru ngokingoki	600°C, 650°C rānei	Mō ia tono	Kōwhiringa; utua motuhake
Te mārō (uho me te whakakikorua)	HV10	Puranga	T91 ≤250 HV; Koranu 28 ≤230 HV
Whakamātautau whakapapatahi	SA 450	Mō ia wera/rahi	Kāore he pakaru i te pēhanga 2/3 OD
Te waikura ā-pūmua	ASTM A262 Mahi E (i runga i te Koranu 28)	Mō ia puranga (whiringa)	Kāore he whakaekenga ā-whatu
PMI (XRF)	Te tautuhi rauemi pai	Ia ngongo (whiringa)	Whakaūtia te taumata koranu

Ngā tuhinga:EN 10204 Momo 3.1. Momo 3.2 me te kaitirotiro tuatoru (SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV me ētahi atu) e wātea ana.

5. Ngā Taipitopito o Ngā Whakamahinga

5.1 Te Whakamahana Whakamutunga/Te Whakamahana Anō o te Poiler Tino-Supercritical

Raruraru:Kei roto i te hau waro waro he nui te whanariki te SO₃, ā, i te wā e iti ana te kawenga, i te tīmatanga rānei, ka whakapūmau hei waikawa whanariki ki runga i ngā mata o ngā ngongo. Ka pāngia te T91 paerewa e ngā poka me ngā para.
Otinga:Paipa T91+Alloy 28 kua whakakikoruatia ki te Alloy 28 i te taha ahi (i roto rānei mēnā he rua ngā putanga). Ka mau tonu te kaha ngoki o te matua T91 i te 600-620°C; Ka ātete te Alloy 28 ki te whakaekenga waikawa. He maha ngā tipu hiko Haina me Ūropi kua tango i tēnei hoahoa.

5.2 Pūwero Whakaora Wera Para i roto i ngā Whare Hanga Waikawa Whāriki

Tukanga:Ka uru te hau tukatuka wera (600°C, kei roto ko te SO₂, SO₃) ki roto i te pōro wera para hei whakaputa mamaoa. I te wā e kati ana, ka honoa te SO₃ ki te makuku hei hanga waikawa whanariki kukū, ka whakapūmau i runga i ngā ngongo makariri.
Otinga:He whakakikorua koranu 28 i te taha hau (OD) me te ID rānei, kei te hoahoa. Ka whakaratohia e te T91 te ātete ngoki e tika ana. He paerewa tēnei huinga i roto i te maha o ngā tipu waikawa whanariki hou.

5.3 Ngā Poiha Koiora / Para-ki-te-Pūngao

Wero:Kei roto i te koiora (kakau witi, maramara rakau, wahie para) te chlorine (KCl, NaCl). I te 500-600°C, ka waikura nui te hau chlorine me ngā chloride i ngā koranu noa, ka puta he chloride rino, ā, ka tere te ngaronga o te konganuku.
Otinga:Ka ātete te whakakikorua koranu 28 (Ni, Mo, Cr teitei) ki te whakaekenga o te hauota. Ka mau tonu te mana o te matua T91 ki te pēhanga o te poiha. E ai ki ngā kaiwhakahaere, kua piki ake te ora o ngā ngongo mai i te 1-2 tau ki te 6-8 tau i muri i te huri ki ngā ngongo whakakikoruatia.

5.4 Ngā Whakawhiti Wera Pāmahana Teitei mō ngā Hauwaiwaro Kua Whakakīia ki te Chloride

Tauira:I roto i ngā tipu vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), kei roto i ngā hau tukatuka ngā matū waro kua whakakōkōhia ki te chlorine me te HCl i te 400-450°C. Ka pakaru te maitai kore waikura paerewa (304L) i te poka me te SCC. Ka whakarato te whakakikorua koranu 28 i te ātete pai rawa atu. Ka whakarato te matua T91 i te kaha e hiahiatia ana me te ātete ngoki.

6. Ngā Painga ki ngā Hoahoa Whakataetae

Rerekē	He aha te pai ake o te T91+Alloy 28
Ngongo totoka T91	Ka pāngia e te waikawa haukū, te poka, me te whakaekenga o te pūhaumāota. Whakakapia pinepine.
Ngongo totoka 28	He nui rawa te utu; nā te iti o te kaha whakaputa ka matotoru ake te pakitara, ka piki ake te utu me te taumaha.
T91 me te whakakikorua whakarewa o te koranu 28	He utu nui te paninga, he puhoi, he uaua hoki te paninga ōrite ki ngā ngongo iti te whānui; tera pea ka memeha te koranu. Ka homai e te whakaputanga he paninga ōrite i te utu iti ake.
Paipa kua whakakīia ki te mīhini	Ka hinga te arai i raro i te huringa wera (he mea noa mō ngā poiha) – kāore e whakaaetia mō te mahi pāmahana tiketike.
Paipa whakakikoruatia ki te koranu 625	He nui ake te utu o te Alloy 625 i te Alloy 28, ā, tera pea ka nui rawa te whakaritenga mō ngā taiao waikawa maha. He pai rawa te taurite o te utu o te Alloy 28.

Te penapena utu:Ki te whakatauritea ki te paipa totoka Alloy 28 o te whakatauranga pēhanga ōrite, ka whakaitihia e te paipa T91+Alloy 28 te utu rauemi mā te50-60%(nā te mea he kaha ake te T91, ka taea ai te angiangi o te pakitara, ā, ka whakamahia te koranu hei arai angiangi anake).

7. Te Whakapūmau Kounga me te Whai Aroturuki

●Te Aroturuki:Ka tuhia, ka tāia hoki ngā wera o te T91 me te Alloy 28 ki ia ngongo kua oti. Ka puritia ngā tiwhikete katoa a ngā kaiwhakarato (3.1).

● Whakahaere tukanga:Kua tuhia katoatia te pāmahana o te whakaputanga, te tere o te whakaputanga, ngā tūtohi tukatuka wera, me ngā tawhā o te kaukau pīkara.

● Tirotiro a te hunga tuatoru:Ka āwhina mātou i te tirotiro i ngā rauemi SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV, ABS rānei i ngā wā katoa (te whiwhinga rauemi, te whakaputanga, te NDT whakamutunga). Ka tukuna ngā tiwhikete EN 10204 Momo 3.2 e ai ki tēnā.

8. Te Tākai me te Tukunga

●Āhua o te mata:Kua tāpirihia ki te wai tote, ā, kua whakakāhoretia – kua rite mō te tāutanga. Kāore e hiahiatia te paninga hinu ki waho.

●Te tiakitanga o te pito:Ngā taupoki kirihou (e wātea ana ngā taupoki maitai mō ngā diameter nui).

●Pūkete:He iti ngā diameter (<88.9 mm) i roto i ngā paihere hex me ngā mokowā rakau. He nui ake ngā diameter ka awhihia takitahi.

●Ipu:Ipu 20′, 40′ rānei. Mō ngā roa >12 m, tuwhera te tihi, papatahi rānei te whata.

●Te wā ārahi:Te ota tuatahi 16-20 wiki (nā te mea he koranu motuhake te pūtake). Te ota tuarua 12-14 wiki. Tērā pea ka tere ake ngā puranga whakamātautau (100 200 m) – pātai atu.

9. Ngā Pātai Auau (FAQ) – Paipa T91+Alloy 28 Clad

Q1: He aha te pāmahana ratonga mōrahi mō tēnei paipa whakakikoruatia?
A: Kua whakatauria te matua T91 mō ngā pāmahana whakarewa tae atu ki650°C(1202°F) mō ia Wāhanga I o te ASME (ko te kaha o te ngoki te mea e whakahaere ana). Ka taea e te whakakikorua Alloy 28 te tu atu i te pāmahana kotahi, engari ka taea te whakaiti i tōna ātete ki te waikura ki runga ake i te 450°C mena he tino waikura te taiao. Mō te nuinga o ngā tono poiha (600-620°C), e whakaaetia ana ngā mea e rua.

P2: He pai te Alloy 28 mō ngā kukū tiketike o te waikawa whanariki?
A: Ae. He tino pai te ātete o te Alloy 28 ki te waikawa whanariki tae atu ki te 80% te kukū me ngā pāmahana tae atu ki te 80°C. I roto i ngā kohua wera para, ko te waikawa waikura he 60-70% H₂SO₄ i raro i te 200°C – he tino pai te mahi a te Alloy 28.

Q3: Ka taea e tātou te huri i ngā paparanga – te whakatakoto i te Alloy 28 ki te OD me te T91 ki te ID?
Āe, mēnā kei waho te tūponotanga o te waikura (hei tauira, te hau paru o waho). Ka taea e mātou te hanga paipa kua whakakikoruatia me te paparanga CRA i te diameter o waho. Tena koa tohua te whakatakotoranga i te wā ota.

Q4: Kei te whakahaerehia e koe ngā whakamātautau kume pāmahana teitei, ngā whakamātautau ngokingoki rānei?
A: Kāore mātou e whakauru i ēnei i ngā wā katoa, engari ka taea e mātou te whakarite kia tangohia ngā tauira iti mai i tētahi ngongo kua whakaputahia (whakangaro) me te utu tāpiri. Mō ngā whakamātautau ngoki kua kitea e te hunga tuatoru, tukua mai he wā tāpiri (4-6 wiki) me te utu.

Q5: He aha te konganuku whakakī hei whakamahi mō te whakarewa i te paipa whakakikoruatia ki te T91+Alloy 28?
A: Mō te ara pakiaka (te whakakikorua ki te whakakikorua), whakamahia te whakakī Alloy 625 (ERNiCrMo-3) te whakakī Alloy 59 rānei. Mō ngā ara whakakī (matua T91 ki te T91), whakamahia te whakakī T91 ōrite (E9015-B9, rite rānei). Ka tūtohu mātou i tētahi tikanga whakarewa whai tohu (WPS) mō ia hononga mara; Ka taea e Womic te whakarato i tētahi tauira WPS mēnā ka tonoa.

Q6: E tutuki ana te whakakikoruatanga Alloy 28 i te NACE MR0175 mō te ratonga kawa?
Āe. Kei roto i te NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 te Alloy 28 (UNS N08028) mō te pāmahana tae atu ki te 450°C i ngā taiao kawa. He ātete ki te SSC me te HIC. Ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te pēhanga ā-wāhanga H₂S teitei.

Q7: Kei te wātea te paipa whakakikoruatia me ngā pito piko me te pata CRA?
Āe. Ko te koki whakarara paerewa 30-35° me te taunga 1.6 mm. Ka taea e mātou te pani i tētahi paparanga pata (Arotahi 28, Arotahi 625 rānei) ki te mata whakarara, tata ki te 2-3 mm te matotoru, hei ārai i te waimeha o te whakakikorua i te wā e whakarewahia ana.

Q8: He aha te matotoru o te OD me te pakitara mō ngā ngongo poihau koiora?
A: Te rahi noa o te tuanui 51-76 mm, te taumaha matua 5-8 mm, te matotoru 2-2.5 mm. Tena koa whakapā mai ki a mātou mō ō hiahia mō te rahi motuhake.

P9: He āwangawanga te kohi waro mai i te T91 ki roto i te Alloy 28 i te wā e extrusion ana?
A: Kāo. Ka hangaia e te tukanga whakaputa he rohe horapa tino whaiti (ko te tikanga he 5-10 μm). Kei roto tonu te hanganga o te koranu 28 i ngā whakaritenga; ka manatokohia e mātou e te PMI. He iti noa te mōrearea o te pāwera.

Q10: Ka taea e koe te tuku tiwhikete EN 10204 Momo 3.2 mō tēnei paipa whakakikoruatia?
Āe. Ka taea e mātou te whakarite tirotiro mā te hunga tuatoru mā TÜV, BV, DNV, SGS rānei. Tena koa tohua mai i te wā e tono ana koe.