Hua:NGĀ NGĀWAI RAIPU SA210 Tau A-1 (ASTM A210/ASME SA210) he maitai waro-waenga kore hononga – he miro porowhita kei roto i te mata o roto. I hangaia mā te kukume makariri ki runga i tētahi mono raipu motuhake. I hangaia mō ngā pakitara wai poiha pēhanga teitei (ngā waeine tino nui me ngā waeine tino nui neke atu i te 300,000 KW). Ka puta i te raipu o roto ngā kaha porowhita e wehe ana i te wai mai i te mamaoa, ka panaia te wai ki te pakitara ngongo kia mau tonu te koropupū me te aukati i te hanganga kiriata mamaoa.
Ngā Kupumatua:Ngongo pū SA210, ngongo kore hononga SA210 Tau A-1, ngongo poiha pū maha-mata, ngongo rara ā-roto, ngongo pū mata makariri, ngongo pakitara wai, ngongo rara porowhita, ngongo poiha ASME SA210, ngongo kore hononga SA210 Tau A-1, ngongo poiha tino whai hua, pakitara wai poiha tino arohaehae, kaihanga ngongo pū, kaiwhakarato ngongo pū Haina
Tuhipoka mō ngā kupu:Ko te "ngūpū raifuru" me te "ngūpū rara ā-roto" e pā ana ki te hua kotahi. E whakaahua ana ngā kupu e rua i ngā ngongo tuitui me ngā rara porowhita i hangaia ki te mata o roto mā te kukume makariri ki runga i te mono kua haehaea. Ko te maha-aratakiKo te tohu e tohu ana i ngā rara porowhita whakarara maha (ko te tikanga he 4, he 6 rānei ngā tīmatanga) e rere ana i te roa o te ngongo.
1. Rauemi Tūāpapa: SA210 Karaehe A-1 Kore-Tuku, Rino Waro-Waenga
Ko te ASTM A210/ASME SA210 te paerewa mō ngā ngongo maitai waro-waenga me ngā ngongo whakamahana nui. E kapi ana te whakatakotoranga i ngā ngongo maitai matotoru-pakitara iti rawa mō ngā paipa paipa, tae atu ki ngā pito haumaru, ngā ngongo āwhata, ngā ngongo pumau, me ngā ngongo whakamahana nui. Ko te SA210 Grade A-1 te momo e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te ratonga ngongo paipa whānui, e tuku ana i te taurite pai o te kaha, te ngāwari, me te utu.
Mō te mahi pēhanga teitei ake me te pāmahana teitei ake, kei te wātea hoki te SA210 Grade C (he nui ake te ihirangi waro, he kaha ake). Heoi, ko te Grade A-1 tonu te paerewa ahumahi mō ngā tono pakitara wai e hiahia ana kia pai te hanga mō te piko makariri me te mahi pono i ngā pāmahana whakarewa tae atu ki te 425°C (800°F).
1.1 Te Hanganga Matū (ASTM A210 Tau A-1)
| Huānga | Whakaritenga (mōrahi/min) | Noa (Womic Steel) |
| Waro (C) | ≤0.27% | 0.22-0.25% |
| Manganēhi (Mn) | ≤0.93% | 0.45-0.60% |
| Hiraka (Si) | ≥0.10% | 0.18-0.33% |
| Whēkau (P) | ≤0.035% | ≤0.015% |
| Whānariki (S) | ≤0.035% | ≤0.010% |
Pūtake ripanga: whakatakotoranga ASTM A210 / ASME SA210
1.2 Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-Mīhini
| Taonga | Whakaritenga Tau A-1 | Noa (Womic Steel) |
| Kaha Hua (min) | 255 MPa (37,000 psi) | 280-320 MPa |
| Kaha Kume (min) | 415 MPa (60,000 psi) | 450-520 MPa |
| Te roa (min) | 30% (whakaroa) | 32-36% |
| Te pakeketanga (mōrahi) | 79 HRB / 143 HB | 70-75 HRB |
*Ko te taumata C (0.24-0.31% C, YS≥275 MPa, TS≥485 MPa) e tuku ana i te kaha teitei ake e 5-10% engari he iti ake te ngāwari; e taunakitia ana mō ngā ngongo whakamahana nui me te ratonga pāmahana teitei ake.*
1.3 Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-tinana
| Taonga | Uara |
| Kiato | 7.85 karamu/cm³ |
| Te pāmahana ratonga mōrahi | 425°C (800°F) |
| Te tauwehenga o te ngāwari | 200 GPa |
| Te kawe wera (100°C) | ~48 W/m·K |
| Tauwehenga o te whakawhānui | 12.2 μm/m·K (20-200°C) |
1.4 Ngā Paerewa e Pā Ana
| Paerewa | Whakaahuatanga |
| ASTM A210 / A210M | Whakatakotoranga Paerewa mō ngā Ngongo Paipa me ngā Ngongo Whakamahana Nui o te Paipa Waro-Waenga Kore Tuitui |
| ASME SA210 | Putanga ASME (ngā whakaritenga ōrite) |
| GB/T 20409-2018 | Paerewa ā-motu Haina mō ngā ngongo pū (ngā ngongo korekore o te kōhua pēhanga teitei) |
| EN 10216-2 (e rite ana) | Paerewa Pākehā mō ngā ngongo maitai tui kore mō ngā take pēhanga |
2. Ngongo Pū Rakau Mata-maha: Ngā Tawhā Āhuahanga
E rua ngā momo pū raifuru mata-maha (MLR) e whakarōpūtia ana kia rite ki ngā whirihoranga paerewa, ia momo pū kua hangaia mō ngā āhuatanga mahi motuhake:
| Tawhā | Momo A (Paerewa) | Momo B / Kua Arotauhia |
| Koki porowhita | 30° | 30°+ (tae atu ki te 40°+) |
| Te whakarei ake i te whakawhiti wera | 30% i runga i te ngongo maeneene | 50%+ i runga i te ngongo maeneene (whakaemi) |
| Te maha o ngā ara (ngā tīmatanga rara) | 4, 6 rānei | 4, 6 rānei |
| Āhuatanga rara | Kōtaha tapawhā | Kua arotauhia (porowhita, whakakoi rānei) |
E rua ngā momo o ngā ngongo pū maha-mata (Momo A me Momo B) me te koki porowhita 30-tohu. Ka taea e ngā ngongo pū maha-mata kua arotauhia te koki porowhita tae atu ki te 40°+, e 20% te whakapai ake i te pai o te wera i ngā ngongo pū paerewa.
Ngā raraunga rangahau:Kua whakamanahia mā te whakamātautau he ngongo pū raifuru me ngā rara e 4, ko te whānui o waho he 25mm, ko te teitei o te rara he 0.68mm, ko te whānui o te rara he 9.25mm, me te koki porowhita he 60°. E whakaū ana ngā rangahau tau ko ngā hoahoa ngongo pū raifuru kua arotauhia me ngā rara tapawhā (teitei 0.775mm, koki porowhita he 30° me te 58°) ka whakarei ake i te rere porowhita tuarua e tata ana ki te pakitara ngongo, ka whakapai ake i te pai o te whakawhiti wera.
Te pikinga o te horahanga mata:Ko te horahanga o roto o ia wae roa o ngā ngongo rara o roto he tata ki te 1.5 ki te 2.4 ngā wā i tērā o ngā ngongo maeneene he rite te diameter o waho. Mā te tukanga tātai makariri ka hangaia te pakitara o roto hei hanganga rara porowhita me ngā ine āhuahanga tika, ka nui ake te horahanga whakawhiti wera whai hua o te ngongo ki te whakaritea ki ngā ngongo tahanga.
2.1 Ngā Whakatakotoranga Noa (Mai i te Hanganga Tuturu)
| Ōhanga × Taumaha (mm) | Te Whakamahinga Noa |
| Φ28.6 × 6.2 | Ngā panera pakitara wai, pēhanga waenga |
| Φ31.8 × 5.5 | Ngā panera pakitara wai |
| Φ38.1 × 7.5 | Ngongo pakitara wai paerewa |
| Φ63.5 × 7.5 | Taiepa wai kohua nui |
| Φ66.7 × 8 | Ngā poiha tino kaha/tino kaha rawa |
*Ngā whakatakotoranga noa mō ngā ngongo pū raifuru mata-maha SA210 Tau A-1 me Tau C*
2.2 Ngā Ātete Hanga (Kua Tāia ki te Matao)
| Tawhā | Manawanui |
| Diameter o waho (OD) | ±0.10 mm mō te OD <25.4 mm; ±0.15 mm mō te OD 25.4–38.1 mm |
| Te matotoru o te pakitara | -0% / +20% mō te mea kua kohia mātao |
| Roa | +20/-0 mm |
| Te tika | ≤1.5 mm ia mita |
Pūtake: ASTM A210 ngā ātete ngongo matao kua kumea
3. Tukanga Hanga – Tātari Matao me te Mono Pū
Ka hangaia e Womic Steel ngā ngongo poiha SA210 Grade A-1 he koretake o te pū, he maha ngā mata, mā te whakamahi i tētahi tukanga tāmi matao kua arotauhia me tētahi mono tāmi hurihuri. Ka tīmata te tukanga ki te rauemi whāngai ngongo koretake kua hurihia ki te wera, hei rauemi tīmatanga mō ngā mahi tāmi matao e whai ake nei. I muri i te tāmi matao tuatahi me tētahi mono maeneene hei whakatutuki i ngā rahi taratara, ka whakamahia e te mahi tāmi whakamutunga he mono tāmi maha.
Ka whakauruhia he mono motuhake (he kōhao kei waho i roto i te tauira porowhita) ki roto i te ngongo maitai, ā, ka tāpirihia ki te mandrel hurihuri. Ka kumea te ngongo mā roto i te mate whakaiti, ā, i te kumea whakamua o te ngongo, ka hurihuri te mono, ka hanga he maha ngā rara porowhita tonu ki te mata o roto. Kei te tinana mono he kōhao o waho e wehea ana i tōna tuaka pokapū, me ngā whenua o waho e whakawhitiwhiti ana i waenga i ngā kōhao. Ina kumea te ngongo ki runga i tēnei mono kōhao, ka hangaia he tauira porowhita whakahaeretia—e 4, e 6 rānei ngā rara whakarara e wehea ana—ki runga i te pakitara o roto o te ngongo, i te mea ka taea e ngā kōhao te rere o te konganuku kua nekehia.
Ka whakamahia te whakatauira tau matatau (Finite Element Method, FEM) hei arotau i te āhua o te mate i mua i te whakahaerenga o te whakaputanga, hei whakaiti i ngā hapa hopu me te pakitara ngongo. Ko ngā painga matua o tēnei tukanga ko te hanganga rara pumau, te hua nui, te roa o te ora o te taputapu, te āhua rara ōrite, me te mutunga o te mata o roto maeneene. Ko te whānuitanga whakamutunga ka tutukihia ko te tōia matao ki te OD me te WT tika, ka tukatukahia katoatia ki te wera (kua whakaritea), ā, ka tirotirohia te 100% NDT.
4. Tikanga Whakarei ake i te Whakawhiti Wera – He aha te Mahi a ngā Ngongo Pū
I roto i ngā ngongo poihā maeneene, ka huihui ngā mirumiru mamaoa ki te mata o roto, ka hanga he kiriata mamaoa tonu. He ngoikore te kawe wera o tēnei kiriata mamaoa, ka heke tere te pai o te whakawhiti wera, ā, ka wera rawa pea te ngongo me te pakaru (te wehenga atu i te kohua matua, te DNB rānei).
Mā ngā ngongo pū e whakaoti tēnei raruraru mā te whakaoho i ngā kaha porotītaha i roto i te rere, e pana ana i te wai wai ki te pakitara o te ngongo i te mea e neke ana te mamaoa ki waenganui. E whā ngā painga nui o tēnei tikanga:
Te pehi i te DNB— mā te paparanga wai i runga i te pakitara ka koropupū tonu te pūhui ahakoa ngā rerenga wera nui.
Te maroke whakaroa— i roto i ngā āhuatanga tino pāwera, ka roa ake te wā maroke mā te pupuhi raifuru, ka tiakina te pumau o te ngongo.
Te rerenga wera nui ake— ka mau tonu te kohua pūmua ahakoa he nui rawa ngā kawenga wera.
Te whakarei ake i te whakawhiti wera— ahakoa te iti o te rerenga papatipu, ka whakapai ake te ngongo pū i te whakawhiti wera me te whakaiti i te rere papatipu e hiahiatia ana mō te whakamatao tika.
E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau tau CFD mā te arotau i ngā tawhā āhuahanga—tae atu ki te maha o ngā tīmatanga pupuhi, te teitei o te rara, me te roa o te pupuhi—ka taea te whakanui ake i te whakawhiti wera ki tua atu i ngā hoahoa pupuhi taketake. Ko te rere hurihuri i hangaia e ngā rara porowhita ka hanga he kiriata wai angiangi ki te pakitara, ka tino whakanui ake i te tauwehenga whakawhiti wera ki te whakaritea ki ngā ngongo maeneene.
5. Te Mana Kounga me te Whakamātautau
Ka whakamatautauria ia puranga ngongo pū SA210 A-1 kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga paerewa:
| Whakamātautau | Tikanga | Whānuitanga |
| Tātaritanga matū | Ine āwhata OES | Mō ia wera (mō ia puranga) |
| Whakamātautau kume | ASTM A370 | Mō ia wera (mō ia puranga) |
| Whakamātautau mārō | HRB / HB | Mō ia puranga |
| Whakamātautau waipū | Pēhanga ≥1.5× pēhanga hoahoa | Ia ngongo |
| Iahiko Eddy / UT (NDT) | Aunoa i runga ipurangi, i waho rānei i te ipurangi | Arotake 100% |
| Te mura me te papatahi | ASTM A450 | Mō ia puranga (hei manatoko i te ngāwari) |
| Te Tāutuhi Rauemi Pai (PMI) | XRF (whiringa kore) | Ia ngongo, i runga rānei i te hiahia |
| Tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga | Rēhia / calipers / whakataurite whatu | 100% (OD, WT, āhua rara, koki porowhita) |
Te ine i te āhua o te rara:Mā te whakamahi i ngā whakataurite whatu tika, i ngā inenga whakarāpopoto rānei, ka manatokohia te maha o ngā rara, te teitei o te rara, te whānui o te rara, te roa o te piko, me te koki porowhita, ka manatokohia. Me rite tonu ēnei tawhā puta noa i te roa o te ngongo katoa kia ōrite ai te mahi whakawhiti wera.
Ngā Tiwhikete:EN 10204 Momo 3.1 (paerewa), Momo 3.2 (me te kaiwhakaatu tuatoru). Kei te wātea te tirotiro a te tuatoru mā SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV.
6. Ngā Taupānga – Te Wāhi e Hiranga ai ngā Ngongo Pū SA210 A-1
Ko ngā ngongo korekore maha-mata e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pakitara wai o ngā kohua tipu hiko iti-whakahirahira me ngā kohua tino-whakahirahira (ko te nuinga o ngā waeine he 300,000 KW me runga ake). Ko Haina anake e kai ana i te 25,000–30,000 tana o ngā ngongo pū i ia tau mō tēnei kaupapa. Ko ngā momo rauemi noa ko te SA210 Grade A-1, SA210 Grade C, me te SA213 T2.
Ko ngā tono motuhake ko:
l Ngā panera pakitara waii roto i ngā kohua tino whakararuraru
l Ngā panera pakitara wai tino kaha/tino kaha rawaneke atu i te 300,000 KW
l Ngā mata whakamahana mimiti
l Ngā rohe oumu o rarome te rerenga wera teitei rawa atu
l Ngā ahumahi matū me te hikoe hiahia ana ki te whakawhiti wera pēhanga teitei
Puna: Ngā whakatakotoranga hangarau o te ngongo maitai kore-raima maha-mata
7. Whakataurite i te Māka – Āhea te Whakamahi i te SA210 A-1 me te SA210 C me ētahi atu Rauemi
| Taumata / Rauemi | Ihirangi Waro | Te Kaha o te Hua | Ngā Āhuatanga Matua | Te Whakamahinga i Manakohia |
| SA210 A-1 | ≤0.27% | iti rawa 255 MPa | Ko te āhua pai rawa atu mō te piko matao; he kaha taurite; he tino ohanga | Ngā pakitara wai o te kohua whānui, ngā rohe rerenga wera iti iho |
| SA210 C | ≤0.35% | iti rawa 275 MPa | He kaha ake; he hua 5-10% teitei ake i te A-1; he angiangi ake pea ngā pakitara | Ngā ngongo whakamahana nui; ngā rohe pāmahana teitei ake; ngā pakitara wai me te pēhanga teitei ake |
| SA213 T2 | 0.10-0.20% | iti rawa 205 MPa | Cr-Mo (0.5%Cr, 0.5%Mo); ātete ki te ngoki i te pāmahana teitei kua whakapaitia | Ngā ngongo poihau pāmahana teitei ake; ngā whare hanga hinu |
| SA213 T12 | 0.05-0.15% | iti rawa 220 MPa | 1%Cr-0.5%Mo koranu; he kaha ngoki pai rawa atu i ngā pāmahana teitei | Ngā pakitara poiha tino whakararuraru; ngā pane pāmahana teitei |
| SA209 T1a | 0.10-0.20% | iti rawa 205 MPa | Cr-Mo (0.5%Cr, 0.5%Mo); he rite ki te T2 | Ngā ngongo pakitara-mārama; ngā tono pēhanga teitei |
He mea nui te whiriwhiri i te taumata tika — mā te whakamahi i te taumata iti-koranu (T2/T12) ka piki ake ngā utu rauemi, engari mā te whakamahi i te taumata maitai waro (A-1) i ngā rohe pāmahana tino teitei ka raru pea te ngongo nā te kino o te ngoki.*
8. Ngā Pātai Auau (FAQ)
Q1: He aha te painga o te whakawhiti wera ki ngā ngongo maeneene?
A: Ka whakapai ake ngā ngongo pū maha-ara paerewa (koki porowhita 30-tohu) i te pai o te wera mā te 30% ki te whakaritea ki ngā ngongo maeneene. Ka taea e ngā ngongo pū kua arotauhia (koki porowhita 40-tohu+) te whakaputa i tētahi atu whakapainga 20%, kia eke ai te pai o te mahi ki te 50%, neke atu rānei.
Q2: He aha ngā rauemi ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā ngongo pū?
A: Ko ngā rauemi noa ko te ASME SA210 Grade A-1, SA210 Grade C, me te SA213 T2. Ahakoa ka taea hoki te hanga pū SA213 T2 (konumohe Cr-Mo), he nui ake te utu, ā, he mea whakarite mō ngā rohe pāmahana teitei ake. Ka taea hoki e Womic Steel te hanga ngongo pū i roto i te SA213 T12, SA213 T22, me ētahi atu momo ritenga i runga i ngā whakaritenga a te kiritaki.
Q3: Me pēhea te manatoko i te āhua o te rara o roto?
A: Mā te whakamahi i ngā kaiwhakatairite whatu tika, i ngā inenga kōtaha rānei, ka manatokohia te maha o ngā rara, te teitei o te rara, te whānui o te rara, te roa o te piko, me te koki porowhita. Kei te wātea ngā pūrongo katoa mō ia puranga.
Q4: Kei te wātea ngā ngongo pū i roto i ngā rahi ritenga?
Āe. Ka taea e mātou te whakaputa i ngā ngongo pū e ai ki ngā whakaritenga a te kiritaki, tae atu ki te OD ritenga, te matotoru o te pakitara, te maha o ngā tīmatanga o te rara (4, 6 rānei), te koki porowhita, me te āhua o te rara. Tena koa homai ō hiahia mō tētahi otinga ritenga.
Q5: He aha ngā whakaotinga mata e wātea ana?
A: Ko te whakaotinga paerewa ka whakawerahia, ka whakatōkia (AP) kia ma ai ngā mata o waho, o roto hoki. E wātea ana ngā whakaotinga kanapa kua whakawerahia (BA) kua orohia rānei mēnā ka tonoa.
Q6: He aha ngā tiwhikete e whakaratohia ana e koe?
A: Tiwhikete Whakamātautau Mira i raro i te EN 10204 Momo 3.1 (paerewa), Momo 3.2 me te kaiwhakaatu tuatoru (SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV) e wātea ana. Ka taea te whai i te tau wera katoa ki ia ngongo kua oti.
Q7: Kei te tuku tirotiro ā-tuatoru koe?
Āe. Ka whakahaerehia e mātou ngā tirotirohanga e SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV, ABS, LR. Kei te wātea ngā whakamātautau PMI, ngā tirotirohanga ā-ahu, me ngā whakamātautau miihini mēnā ka tonoa mai.
Q8: He aha te roa o te wā arahi mō ngā ngongo pū SA210 A-1?
A: Mō ngā whakaritenga paerewa (Φ28.6×6.2, Φ38.1×7.5, me ētahi atu), ko te wā arahi he tata ki te 30–45 ngā rā mai i te whakaū ota. Ko ngā whakaritenga ritenga e hiahiatia ana he 45–60 ngā rā.
P9: He aha te koki porowhita mōrahi e taea ana mō ngā ngongo pū SA210 A-1?
A: Ko ngā koki porowhita paerewa kei waenga i te 30° ki te 60°, i runga i te tono motuhake me ngā herenga āhuahanga. Kua whakamanahia ngā hoahoa kua arotauhia me ngā koki porowhita tae atu ki te 60° mā te whakamātautau, ā, he pai mō ngā pakitara wai poihau mahi-teitei.
Q10: Ka taea e koe te whakarato i ngā ngongo pū i roto i ngā whirihoranga piko U?
Āe, ka tukuna e mātou te piko matao o ngā ngongo pū me ngā mandrel, ā, muri iho ka tukatukahia te wera katoa me te 100% NDT o te rohe piko. Tena koa tonoa he utu motuhake mō te piko U.
Q11: Ka taea e koe te tuku i ngā ngongo pū me te tiwhikete NACE MR0175?
A: Kāore i te nuinga o te wā ka tohua te maitai waro SA210 Grade A-1 mō te mahi kawa (H₂S). Mō ngā tono e hiahia ana ki te ātete ki te mahi pū me te kawa, ka tūtohu mātou i ngā karaehe koranu (hei tauira, SA213 T2) me te tohu NACE whiriwhiri. Tena koa whakapā atu ki tā mātou tīma hangarau mō ngā whakaritenga motuhake.
Q12: He aha te matotoru iti rawa o te pakitara mō te hanga ngongo pū?
A: Ko te matotoru iti rawa o te pakitara ka taea te whakaputa ka whakawhirinaki ki te diameter o waho me te āhua o te rara. Mō te whakaputanga paerewa, e taunakihia ana kia ≥4.0mm te matotoru o te pakitara mō te pupuhi pono. Tena koa whakapā mai ki a mātou ki te matapaki i ō hiahia rahi motuhake.
Q13: Ka pāngia ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o te ngongo e te tukanga kukume makariri?
A: Mā te tukanga kukume makariri ka whakapakeke i te rauemi, ka kaha ake. Heoi, mā te whakamahana otinga whakamutunga (whakaōrite) ka whakahokia mai te ngāwari, ā, ka whakarite kia tutuki ngā āhuatanga miihini i ngā whakaritenga ASTM A210 Grade A-1. Ka mahia te whakaōrite i muri i te haerenga kukume makariri whakamutunga.
Q14: Ka taea e koe te hanga ngongo pū me ngā rara 6-mata (6-tīmatanga)?
Āe. Kei te wātea ngā ngongo maha-arataki me ngā whirihoranga tīmatanga-4, tīmatanga-6 rānei. Ka tīpakohia te maha o ngā arataki i runga i te mahi whakawhiti wera e hiahiatia ana me te diameter o te ngongo. Tena koa tohua mai tō hiahia i te wā e pātai ana.
P15: Ka taea te tuku i ngā ngongo pū SA210 Grade A-1 hei piko U?
Āe, ka tukuna e mātou te piko matao o ngā ngongo pū me ngā mandrel o roto hei tiaki i te āhua o te rara. I muri i te piko, ka mahia te maimoatanga wera whakaiti ahotea katoa me te 100% NDT o te radius piko. Ko te wātea o te piko-U e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā inenga whakamutunga; tēnā whakapā mai ki a mātou mō te whaihua.
P16: Kei te wātea ngā ngongo pū SA210 Grade A-1 i roto i te āhua kanapa kua whakamahanatia (BA)?
Āe, ka taea e mātou te tuku i ngā ngongo kua whakapūkarahia me te mutunga kanapa kua whakawerahia (BA). Me whai hau tiaki tēnei i te wā e whakamahanahia ana (hei tauira, te hauwai, te haukini kua wehea rānei) hei ārai i te waikura. He pai te mutunga BA mō ngā mahi horoi me te ma, ahakoa he nui ake te utu i te mutunga paerewa kua whakawerahia me te whakamākūkūhia (AP).
Whakapā atu ki a Womic Steel
Mō ngā pātai, tautoko hangarau, tono utu rānei mō ō hiahia ngongo kore hononga pū SA210 Grade A-1, whakapā mai ki a mātou.
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Womic Steel – Tō kaihanga motuhake me tō hoa pono mō ngā ngongo poiha korekore maha-mata SA210 Grade A-1, ngā ngongo rara ā-roto kua kumea matao mō ngā tono pakitara wai tino pai rawa atu me te tino pai rawa atu.
Wā tuku: Mei-28-2026