1. Kaupapa
Hei whakarite i te tukanga whakakikorua nikara kore-hiko, te whakahaere tawhā, me ngā whakaritenga kounga, kia mau ai te kounga paninga pumau e tutuki ai ngā paerewa a te kiritaki me te ao.
2. Whānuitanga
E pā ana ki te whakakikoruatanga nikara kore-hiko i runga i te maitai waro, te maitai kore waikura, me ngā koranu parahi. Kāore e pā ana ki ngā koranu konupora, ngā koranu titanium, me ētahi atu tukanga motuhake rānei.
3. Ngā Tohutoro Ture
- • GB/T 13913-2008 – Ngā paninga koranu nikara-fosforu aunoa
- • GB/T 6461-2002 – Te aromatawai i ngā tauira whakamātautau me ngā taonga o te konganuku me ētahi atu paninga kore-waro i runga i ngā papa whakarewa i muri i te whakamātautau waikura
- • ASTM B733-18 – Whakatakotoranga Paerewa mō ngā Paninga Nikara-Pūhā Aunoa (Kore-Hiko)
- • ISO 4527:2003 – Ngā paninga whakarewa – Ngā paninga koranu nikara-fosforuha aunoa (kore hiko)
- • GB/T 5270-2005 – Ngā paninga whakarewa i runga i ngā papa whakarewa – Ngā paninga hiko me ngā paninga matū – Ngā tikanga whakamātautau piri
4. Te Mātāpono Tukanga
Ko te whakakikorua nikara kore-hiko he tukanga whakatakoto matū aunoa-whakakorikori e whakaitihia ai e te konutai hypophosphite ngā katote Ni²⁺ hei hanga i tētahi paninga koranu Ni-P.
Te tikanga tauhohenga:
- • Te whakahāngaitanga anodic: H₂PO₂⁻ + H₂O → H₂PO₃⁻ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻
- • Whakaiti Cathodic: Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni
- • Te whakatakotoranga tahi o te whākawa: H₂PO₂⁻ + 2H⁺ + e⁻ → P + 2H₂O
Te whakarōpūtanga paninga mā te ihirangi whākawa:
| Momo | Te nui o te whākawa |
| Iti-P | 1–5% |
| Waenga-P | 5–10% |
| Teitei-P | 10–15% |
5. Te Rere o te Tukanga
Tirotiro → Te tango hinu → Te horoi wera → Te horoi rere → Te pīkara → Te horoi → Te whakahohe → Te horoi → Te horoi DI → Te whakakikorua kore-hiko → Te whakaora → Te horoi rere-whakamuri 3-wāhanga → Te whakangāwari → Te horoi DI → Te whakamaroke → Te tirotiro → Te tākai
6. Ngā Tawhā Tukanga Matua
| Tawhā | Awhe whakahaere | Ngā Kōrero |
| te kukū o te Ni²⁺ | 8–12 karamu/rita | 9–10 karamu/rita i tūtohutia |
| Te konutai hypophosphate | 25–35 karamu/rita | Ōwehenga molar ki Ni²⁺: 2.5–3.5:1 |
| Kaihoko whakauaua (konutai citrate) | 30–40 karamu/rita | Ka whakau i ngā iona nikara |
| Pūwero (konutai acetate) | 15–25 karamu/rita | Ka pupuri i te pumau o te pH |
| Uara pH | 4.5–5.5 (Waenga/teitei-P) | Kua whakatikatikaina ki te haukini, ki te konutai kāponāte rānei |
| Te pāmahana | 85–90℃ | Pai rawa atu 88±1℃ |
| E utaina ana | 0.5–1.5 dm²/rita | Ka whakaitihia te tere whakatakotoranga e te utaina teitei ake |
| Te tere whakatakoto | 15–25 μm/h | Ka heke iho i te koroheketanga o te kaukau |
| Wā | 15–60 meneti | I runga i te matotoru e hiahiatia ana |
| Te whakaohooho | Hau pēhanga-iti, hau mīhini rānei | E taunakitia ana te nekehanga, te tohanga rānei o ngā mea mahi |
| Tātari | Tātari tonu, whakatauranga 5–10 μm | Ka tango i ngā matūriki, ka ārai i te pakaru |
7. Ngā Whakatakotoranga Hua me te Āheinga Paninga
7.1 Awhe Rahi o ngā Mea Mahi
| Taonga | Tawhā |
| Rahi mōrahi | 1500×800×600 mm |
| Rahi iti rawa | 5×5×5 mm |
| Taumaha mōrahi | 200 kirokaramu |
| Taumaha iti rawa | 1 karamu |
7.2 Te Āheinga Matotoru o te Paninga
| Momo | Awhe matotoru | Te tono noa |
| Ngā wāhanga tino tika | 5–10 μm | Ngā miro, ngā matua takirere, ngā wāhanga waipēhi |
| Ngā wāhanga paerewa | 10–50 μm | Ngā wāhanga whānui e ātete ana ki te waikura me te kakahu |
| Paninga matotoru | 50–100 μm | Te whakatikatika i te kakahu, ngā taiao waikura kino |
Te ōritetanga: ±10% (ngā wāhanga whānui); ±15% (ngā āhua uaua)
7.3 Ngā Āhuatanga Paninga
| Taonga | Whakakikoruatia | I whakamahanatia (400℃×1h) | Ngā Kōrero |
| Te pakeketanga (HV) | ≥500 HV | ≥800 HV | Ka whakanuia e te maimoatanga wera te pakeke |
| Te piri | ≤ Tau 1 (GB/T 5270) | — | Kāore e tihore, kāore e pakarukaru |
| Whakamātautau rehu tote (NSS, 5% NaCl, 35℃) | ≥24 h (Waenganui-P) ≥72 h (Teitei-P) | — | Mō ia hiahia o te kiritaki |
| Pūngao | ≤1 pūwāhi/cm² | — | Ko te tikanga kāore i te porous ≥25 μm |
| Ātete | 50–100 μΩ·cm | 30–60 μΩ·cm | — |
Te whakamahana: 400℃ ±10℃, 1 hāora, whakamatao i roto i te hau/oumu.
8. Te Kaha Whakaputa
| Taonga | Te kaha |
| Te rōrahi o te tāke kotahi | 2–5 m³ |
| Taumaha puranga | 500–1500 kg |
| Te kaha o ia rā | 3–8 tāne |
| Te kaha o ia marama | 80–200 tāne |
Kia mōhio: Ko te kaha tuturu e whakawhirinaki ana ki te āhua, te matotoru, me te tawhito o te kaukau.
9. Tirotiro Kounga
9.1 Ngā Tuemi Tirotiro
| Taonga | Tikanga | Auautanga | Paearu whakaae |
| Matotoru | XRF / karu hiko whakarewa | ≥3 ngā tohu mō ia wātaka mō ia puranga | Te tuhi tūtaki; te whanaketanga mōrahi ≤10% |
| Te pakeketanga | Te pakeketanga iti HV0.1 | Kotahi mō ia huringa | ≥500 HV (kua pania); ≥800 HV (HT) |
| Te piri | Kōnae/piko/tapa-whakawhiti+rīpene | 1 wahi mō ia puranga | Tau ≤1, kāore e tihorea |
| Āhua | Tirohanga (mārama paerewa) | 100% | Kanapa ōrite; kāore he hapa |
| Rehu tote | NSS 5% NaCl, 35℃ | Mō ia puranga/huringa | Waenga-P ≥24 hāora; Teitei-P ≥72 hāora |
| Te nui o te whākawa | EDS / matū | Kaukau hou / kaukau ā-wiki | 1–5% / 5–10% / 10–15% |
9.2 Te Whakarōpūtanga Āhua
| Tau | Whakaahuatanga |
| Taumata A | Kanapa ōrite/kanapa āhua, kāore he hapa |
| Taumata B | He iti noa ngā tohu wai/tohu whatanga, kāore he poka/he kiri pakaru |
| Tau C | He paku pōuri/rerekētanga tae, he pai te mahi |
| Whakakore | Te pakaru, te tihore, te whakakikorua, te tahunga, te rerekētanga nui o te tae |
10. Te Whakatau Rapanga
| Raruraru | Te take pea | Otinga |
| Te piri ngoikore | Kāore i oti te tango hinu/whakapiripiri; kāore i te rawaka te whakahohenga | Whakapai ake i te maimoatanga i mua; whakaroa i te whakahohenga |
| Te pakaru/te taratara | Ngā matūriki i roto i te kaukau; ka puta he pH teitei | Whakapai ake i te tātari (5 μm); whakaitihia te pH |
| Paninga mangu/hina | Iti te Ni²⁺/hypophosphite; iti te pH/mahana | Tāpirihia ngā matū; pH 4.8–5.2; whakamahanahia ki te 88℃ |
| Whakakorehia te whakakikorua | Te whakakorenga ā-rohe; te hinu/waikura toenga | Whakapai ake i te whakahohenga; whakakorea anō te hinu |
| He iti te tere whakatakoto | Iti te pāmahana/Ni²⁺/whakaiti; pH kore; kaukau tawhito | Whakamahanahia ki te 88–90℃; whakatikatikahia te pH; whakahoutia te kaukau |
| Te pirau o te kaukau | Te wera rawa; te pH teitei; te tāpiri tere; te uta iti | Kati te whakamahana; whakaitihia te pH; whakaranua te kaukau |
11. Haumaru
- • PPE: Ngā karapu waikawa/kawakawa, ngā mōhiti ārai, te ēperona, te manawa (haukini/waikawa).
- • Te rokiroki matū: Wehea te nickel sulfate, te hypophosphate, ngā waikawa, ngā kawakore; kia matara atu i te wera/ngā mea whakaiti wera.
- • Ngā Ārai: Kaua e whakaranua te waikawa konutai me te hypophosphite (te phosphine paitini). Me whakarewa ngā mea totoka ki te wai DI i te tuatahi.
- • Whakahauātanga: Putanga hau ā-rohe i runga ake i ngā tāke (tango hauwai).
- • Āhua ohorere: Horoi kanohi, kaukau, tinei paura maroke/CO₂, manawa, kete maringi.
12. Te Tiaki Taiao
- • Wai Para: Wehea te wai para Ni; whakapūpū pH 9–10 + PAC/PAM; Ni <0.5 mg/L.
- • Para mōrearea: Kaukau para, tātari, whakahohe, paru Ni – he raihana tāpui para me ngā whakaaturanga.
- • Ngā Tukunga: Te whakapūmau tonu i te hau; aroturukihia te haukini/hauwai mō ia GB 16297.
- • Pūngao/wai: Āraihia ngā tāke; horoi i te rere whakamuri; whakakī anō kia kukū.
13. Te Hanganga o te Kaukau (Waenganui-Pūhā, Ngā Wāhanga Whānui)
| Matū | Te arotahi | Mahi |
| NiSO₄·6H₂O | 25–35 karamu/rita | Tote matua, pūtake Ni²⁺ |
| NaH₂PO₂·H₂O | 25–35 karamu/rita | Kaihoko whakaiti, pūtake P |
| Na₃C₆H₅O₇·2H₂O | 30–40 karamu/rita | Kaihoko whakauaua |
| CH₃COONa·3H₂O | 15–25 karamu/rita | Pūtāhui pH |
| Waikawa lactic/propionic | 5–10 mL/L | Kaiwhakateretere |
| Kaiwhakaū (thiourea) | 1–2 mg/L | Ārai i te pirau |
Te whakapaipai:
1. Whakarewahia te NiSO₄, te citrate, te acetate ki roto i te 1/3 o te wai DI, 60℃.
2. Whakarewahia te hypophosphate me te waikawa lactic ki roto i tētahi atu 1/3.
3. Whakakotahitia, whakakīia kia tae ki te rahinga, pH 4.8–5.2.
4. Tāpirihia te whakau, te whakamahana ki te 88℃, te tātari, te pereti whakamātautau.
14. Ngā Āheinga Taputapu me te Tirotiro
14.1 Ngā Taputapu Matua
| Ngā taputapu | Whakatakotoranga |
| Tāke whakakikorua | Kua whakakikoruatia ki te PP/PVC, kua whakamahanahia, kua whakahaeretia te pāmahana |
| Tātari | Papu ātete-waikawa + whare, 5–10 μm, 1–3×/h |
| Whakahaere pāmahana | PID, ±1℃ |
| Ouma whakamaroke | Hau wera, 60–120℃ |
| Kaihoroi ultrasonic | 40 kHz, mana whakarerekē |
| Wai DI | ≥10 MΩ·cm |
14.2 Ngā Taputapu Tirotiro
| Ngā taputapu | Tika/Paerewa |
| Matotoru XRF | 0–200 μm, ±0.1 μm |
| Te pakeketanga iti | 10–1000 gf, GB/T 4340.1 |
| Rūma rehu tote | GB/T 10125, ≥200 rita |
| Karuārai whakarewa | 100–1000×, maikoromita |
| mita pH | ±0.02, utu pāmahana |
| Taurite tātaritanga | 0.01 karamu |
15. Te Tuhituhi me te Whai Aroturuki
- •Te rekoata whakaputa:Tau wāhanga, rahinga, pāmahana, pH, wā, matotoru, kaiwhakahaere.
- •Rārangi kaukau:Ni²⁺ o ia rā, hypophosphate, pH; tāpiritanga; tātari/horoi.
- •Te rēkoata tirotiro:Matotoru, pakeke, piri, āhua, rehu tote.
- •Te Tiaki:Te whakatikatika, te tiaki papu, te tango i te tauine, ngā tirotiro hau (ia toru marama).
Pupuri:≥3 tau (≥10 tau mō te motuka/hauora). Ka taea te whai i te huringa puranga/kaukau.
16. Ngā Whakaritenga Tāpiri
- • Arotakehia i ia tau e te Tari Hangarau.
- • Kua tuhia, ā, kua whāia ngā whakaritenga motuhake a te kiritaki (te rehu tote, te mārō, te tohatoha, te H-embrittlement).
- • Ngā hua hou: Whakamātautau iti i te tuatahi; whakaputa papatipu i muri i te otinga o ngā whakamātautau katoa.
- • Mō te whakahaere whakaputa me te arotake kiritaki.
Hītori Arotake
| Rev | Te Rā | Ihirangi arotake | I whakaaetia e |
| V1.0 | 2024-xx-xx | Tukunga tuatahi | — |
| V2.0 | 2026-04-30 | Whakahoutanga katoa reo Pākehā anake | — |
Wā tuku: Mei-18-2026