1. Womic Steel: Ngā Pūkenga Hanga me te Kaha o te Kamupene
He kaihanga matua a Womic Steel Group, he kaihokohoko hoki o te ao, me te neke atu i te 20 tau o te tohungatanga ki te whakaputa hua ngongo waro, koranu, me te maitai kore waikura. Ko tā mātou whare whakaputa paipa whakapūmau hou e kapi ana i te kaha whakaputa whānui neke atu i te 20,000 tana ia marama mō ngā paipa whakapūmau maitai moana, mā te whakamahi i ngā tukanga ERW me te LSAW/SSAW.
Awhe Rahi Whakaputa mō te Paipa Whakairo Moana:Ko te whānui o waho mai i te 219mm ki te 660mm (8 inihi ki te 26 inihi) mō te tukanga ERW, me te 508mm ki te 3,000mm (20 inihi ki te 120 inihi) mō te tukanga LSAW/SSAW. Ko te matotoru o te pakitara mai i te 6.0mm ki te 25.4mm mō te ERW, me te 6.0mm ki te 50.8mm mō te LSAW/SSAW. Ko te roa takitahi mai i te 6m ki te 18m te paerewa, me ngā roa ritenga tae atu ki te 60m e wātea ana mō ngā kaupapa turanga hōhonu.
Ngā Tiwhikete Kounga me ngā Whakatutukitanga Ture:
ISO 9001:2015 Whaimana:Pūnaha Whakahaere Kounga mō te hanga paipa poupou me ngā tukanga whakahaere kounga, kia rite ai te kounga o te hua me te whakapai tonu puta noa i ngā mahi hanga katoa.
Raihana Monogram API 5L / API 2B:Kei a Womic Steel te raihana API 5L mō te hanga paipa raina me te raihana API 2B mō te paipa maitai hanganga mō ngā tono moana. Ko te API Monogram te tohu o tā mātou whakapau kaha ki ngā paerewa ahumahi teitei rawa atu mō te tuku hinu me te hau me ngā paipa pou hanganga tai. Mā ngā arotake API auau ka whakarite kia tutuki tonu ngā whakaritenga whakatakotoranga.
Tohu CE (PED 2014/68/EU):E tutuki ana ā mātou paipa poupou me ngā ngongo hanganga i te European Pressure Equipment Directive (PED) 2014/68/EU. E wātea ana te tohu CE ina tonoa mai hei whakahaere i te ngāwari o te whakawātea tikanga me te whakaae kaupapa i roto i te Rohe Ōhanga o Ūropi (EEA). E whakaratohia ana te Whakapuakitanga Mahi (DoP) mō ngā hua paerewa EN.
Tiwhikete EN 10204 3.2:Haunga ngā Tiwhikete Whakamātautau Mira paerewa 2.2 me te 3.1, ka tukuna e mātou ngā hua me te Tiwhikete Tirotiro 3.2, kua whakamanahia e ngā rōpū tuatoru kua whakamanahia e te EU (TÜV, LR, BV, SGS) mō ngā kaupapa moana me ngā kaupapa turanga nui e hiahia ana kia taea te whai i ngā rauemi katoa me te manatoko motuhake.
Ngā Whakaaetanga Tirotiro-Tuatoru (TPI):Kua whakaaetia, kua arotakehia hoki ā mātou hua me ā mātou tukanga whakaputa e ngā tari nui o te ao me ngā Rōpū Whakarōpū tae atu ki a SGS, BV, ABS, LR, DNV, GL, me TÜV. E whakaatu ana ēnei whakaaetanga i tō mātou kaha ki te tuku paipa pou mō ngā kaupapa moana me ngā kaupapa taiwhenua e whakahaerehia ana e te rōpū whakarōpū.
Ngā Tiwhikete Tāpiri e Wātea ana:
ISO 14001:2015(Pūnaha Whakahaere Taiao) – E whakapau kaha ana ki ngā mahi hanga tauwhiro
ISO 45001:2018(Pūnaha Whakahaere Hauora me te Haumaru Mahi) – Te whakarite i te taiao mahi haumaru
FPC (Mana Whakahaere Hanga Wheketere)ia EN 10248 / EN 10219 – Whakapuakitanga-ā-roto mō te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga mō te tohu CE
NORSOK M-650(Paerewa Nōwei mō ngā rauemi maitai) – E wātea ana mō ngā kaupapa o te Moana-a-Kiwa ki tai
KTA 3211.2(Paerewa karihi Tiamana) – E wātea ana mō ngā tono whakapuru whare karihi
Ngā Whakaaetanga Motuhake a te Kiritaki:I ia wā, ka arotakehia, ka whakaaetia hoki e mātou ngā wheketere mō ngā kaihanga EPC nui, ngā mana whakahaere tauranga, me ngā kamupene pūngao o te ao. Ka whakaratohia he tautoko tuhinga me te arotake mō ngā tukanga tohu kaiwhakarato.
Te Whakamihi Ao Whānui:He kaiwhakarato pono a Womic Steel ki ngā kaimahi kirimana EPC o te ao, ki ngā mana whakahaere tauranga, ki ngā umanga miihini moana, me ngā kaimahi kirimana turanga, e mahi ana ki ngā whenua neke atu i te 80 puta noa i te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia, Ūropi, te Waenganui Rawhiti, Āwherika, me Amerika.
2. ASTM A252 GR.3 me EN 10248 S355GP: Te Hanganga o ngā Rauemi me ngā Āhuatanga Mahi
ASTM A252 GR.3Ko te paerewa Amerikana tēnei mō ngā puranga paipa maitai kua whakarewaina, kua honoa hoki. Ko te tohu "GR.3" e tohu ana i te Taumata 3, koia te mea e hiahiatia ana te kaha teitei rawa atu i roto i ngā taumata ASTM A252 e toru (GR.1, GR.2, GR.3). Ko te kaha whakaputa iti rawa o te Taumata 3 he 345 MPa (50,000 psi), ā, koinei te whiringa pai mō ngā turanga hohonu, ngā puranga moana, me ngā tono kawenga taimaha e hiahiatia ana te hanganga pakari teitei.
EN 10248 S355GPKo te paerewa Pākehā tēnei mō te whakatō papa maitai wera-hurihia me te whakatō paipa. Ko te "S" e tohu ana i te maitai hanganga, ko te "355" e tohu ana i te kaha whakaputa iti rawa o te 355 MPa, ā, ko te "GP" e tohu ana i te "Pīra Whānui" (te tono pīra whānui). He paku teitei ake te kaha whakaputa a te S355GP i te ASTM A252 GR.3 (355 MPa vs 345 MPa) ā, he whānuitia te tohu mō ngā kaupapa hanga moana o Ūropi, o te Waenganui Rawhiti, me Āwherika.
He mea hanga motuhake ngā momo e rua mō ngā mahi poupou, he tino pai te āhua o te whakarewa mō te honohono papa, he pakari pai i te pāmahana iti mō ngā taiao moana, ā, he nui te ngāwari ki te tu atu ki ngā ahotea taraiwa i te wā e tāuta ana te poupou. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā momo hanganga paerewa pērā i te A36, te S235JR rānei, he nui ake te kaha o ēnei momo poupou ki te kawe kawenga, e āhei ai te hohonu o te taraiwa me te iti o ngā puranga.
Te Hanganga Matū (Tātaritanga Koro, % mā te papatipu):
| Huānga | ASTM A252 GR.3 (Mōrahi %) | EN 10248 S355GP (Mōrahi %) |
| C | 0.26 | 0.22 |
| Si | — | 0.55 |
| Mn | 1.35 | 1.60 |
| P | 0.040 | 0.035 |
| S | 0.050 | 0.035 |
| Cu | — | 0.55 |
| CE (mōrahi) | — | 0.45 |
Kia mōhio: He kaha ake ngā herenga o te EN 10248 S355GP mō te waro, te whākōkī, me te whanariki, ā, he pai ake te kaha whakarewa me te pakari ki te whakataurite ki te ASTM A252 GR.3. E rua ngā momo kua hangaia mō ngā mahi poupou me te ngāwari pai hei tu atu i ngā ahotea taraiwa me te kore e pakaru. Ko te herenga ōrite waro (CEV) o te 0.45% mō te S355GP e whakarite ana i te kaha whakarewa pai rawa atu mō te honohono poupou.
Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-ringa (Pāmahana Rūma):
| Taonga | ASTM A252 GR.3 | EN 10248 S355GP |
| Kaha Hua (min) | 345 MPa (50,000 psi) | 355 MPa (51,500 psi) |
| Kaha Kume (min) | 455 MPa (66,000 psi) | 470 MPa (68,200 psi) |
| Te roa (min) | 20% (mō te ine 50mm) | 19% (Roa) |
| Te Pakari o te Pānga | Kāore i tohua | 27 Joules @ 0°C (whiringa kore) |
*Tuhipoka: He nui ake te kaha me te kaha kume o te EN 10248 S355GP ki te ASTM A252 GR.3. Mō ngā tono moana e hiahia ana ki te pakari pānga pāmahana iti, ka taea e te EN 10248 te whakamātautau pānga kōwhiringa i te 0°C (27 Joules iti rawa). Mō te ASTM A252 GR.3, ehara te whakamātautau pānga i te mea whakahau engari ka taea te tohu hei whakaritenga tāpiri.*
Te Whakataurite i ngā Tohu Paipa Whakatō:
| Tau | Kaha Hua (MPa) | Kaha Kume (MPa) | Te Whakamahinga Noa |
| ASTM A252 GR.1 | 205 | 345 | Tūāpapa māmā, pou papaku |
| ASTM A252 GR.2 | 240 | 415 | Taumahatanga taurite, turanga whare |
| ASTM A252 GR.3 | 345 | 455 | Utaina taumaha, moana, turanga hohonu |
| EN 10248 S235GP | 235 | 360 | Te whakapūpū māmā, te whakapūpū rau |
| EN 10248 S275GP | 275 | 410 | Utaina waenga, taiepa pupuri |
| EN 10248 S355GP | 355 | 470 | He moana taumaha, he turanga hohonu |
*Kia mōhio: Mō ngā kaupapa moana tino uaua e hiahia ana ki ngā ahotea taraiwa teitei me te urunga hohonu, ko te ASTM A252 GR.3 me te EN 10248 S355GP ngā tohu e taunakitia ana. Mō ngā kaupapa e hiahia ana ki te kaha teitei ake (tae atu ki te 460 MPa), ka whakaarohia pea te API 5L X65, te EN 10225 S460G10+M rānei hei huarahi kē atu.*
3. Te Awhe Ahu me te Whakatutukitanga Paerewa
Ka tukuna e Womic Steel ngā paipa poupou maitai moana puta noa i te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga, e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa o te ASTM A252, EN 10248, me ngā paerewa o te ao e pā ana. Kei te wātea ngā tukanga ERW (Electric Resistance Welded) me te LSAW (Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welded) hei kapi i te whānuitanga katoa o te diameter.
| Taonga | Whakatakotoranga |
| Paerewa | ASTM A252 (GR.1, GR.2, GR.3) / EN 10248 (S235GP, S275GP, S355GP) |
| Tukanga Hanga | ERW (219mm-660mm OD) / LSAW (508mm-3,000mm OD) / SSAW (508mm-3,000mm OD) |
| Awhe Diameter o Waho | ERW: 219mm – 660mm (8" – 26") / LSAW/SSAW: 508mm – 3,000mm (20" – 120") |
| Awhe Matotoru o te Pakitara | ERW: 6.0mm – 25.4mm / LSAW/SSAW: 6.0mm – 50.8mm |
| Awhe Roa | Paerewa: 6m, 12m, 18m / Ritenga: tae atu ki te 60m |
| Whakamutunga Whakamutunga | Pito Maamaa (PE) / Pito Pito (BE) me ngā mowhiti maitai patunga tapu, he kōwhiringa |
| Whakaotinga Mata | Tahanga / Hinuhia / Pango Paninga / 3PE / FBE / Epoxy Tā Waro |
| Ngā Manawanui | OD: ±1.0% / WT: -0% +15% (ASTM) ±10% rānei (EN) / Roa: +50mm -0mm |
4. Ngā Ahu me ngā Whakatakotoranga e Wātea ana - Paipa Whakatakotoranga Rino Moana
Paipa Whakatō ERW (219mm – 660mm OD)
| Ō (mm) | Ngā Kōwhiringa Matotoru o te Pakitara (mm) | Taumaha (kg/m) | Roa Paerewa |
| 219.1 | 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 | 31.5 - 75.5 | 6m / 12m |
| 273.1 | 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 18.0 | 39.5 - 113.2 | 6m / 12m |
| 323.9 | 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 18.0, 20.0 | 47.0 - 149.8 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
| 355.6 | 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0 | 51.7 - 180.8 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
| 406.4 | 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0 | 59.2 - 235.1 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
| 457.2 | 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0 | 88.6 - 266.5 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
| 508.0 | 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0 | 98.6 - 297.8 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
| 558.8 | 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0 | 108.7 - 329.1 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
| 609.6 | 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0 | 118.7 - 360.4 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
| 660.4 | 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0 | 128.7 - 391.7 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
Paipa Whakatō LSAW (508mm – 3,000mm OD)
| Ō (mm) | Ngā Kōwhiringa Matotoru o te Pakitara (mm) | Taumaha (kg/m) | Roa Paerewa |
| 508 – 610 | 6.0 – 25.4 | 74.3 – 366.3 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
| 610 – 762 | 6.0 – 30.0 | 89.4 – 541.5 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
| 762 – 914 | 8.0 – 35.0 | 148.8 – 758.5 | 6m / 12m / 18m / 24m |
| 914 – 1,067 | 10.0 – 40.0 | 222.9 – 1,013.2 | 6m / 12m / 18m / 24m |
| 1,067 – 1,220 | 12.0 – 45.0 | 312.2 – 1,303.9 | 6m / 12m / 18m / 24m |
| 1,220 – 1,422 | 12.0 – 50.0 | 357.6 – 1,692.0 | 6m / 12m / 18m / 24m |
| 1,422 – 1,625 | 12.0 – 50.0 | 417.3 – 1,941.4 | 6m / 12m / 18m / 24m |
| 1,625 – 2,000 | 12.0 – 50.8 | 477.1 – 2,441.1 | 6m / 12m / 18m / 24m |
| 2,000 – 2,500 | 12.0 – 50.8 | 588.5 – 3,065.7 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
| 2,500 – 3,000 | 12.0 – 50.8 | 736.5 – 3,693.4 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
Kia mōhio: Kei te wātea ngā ine ritenga i waho atu i ēnei awhe mēnā ka tonoa. Kei te wātea ngā diameter nui ake (tae atu ki te 4,000mm / 160 inihi) mō ngā kaupapa motuhake.
5. Ngā Paerewa Paipa Whakatō, Moana me te Tūāpapa Noa i Hangaia e Womic Steel
| Paerewa | Ngā Tohu Rino | Te Whakamahinga Noa |
| Ngā Paerewa Whakatō Koura ASTM | ||
| ASTM A252 (Paerewa Whakatakotoranga mō ngā Puranga Paipa Rino Whakarewahia me te Tuitui Kore) | GR.1, GR.2, GR.3 | Ngā puranga paipa rino mō te turanga hohonu, te puranga moana |
| ASTM A500 (Paerewa Whakatakotoranga mō ngā Ngongo Hanganga Rino Waro kua Whakarewahia Matao me te Kore-Tuitui) | GR.A, GR.B, GR.C | Ngā ngongo porowhita/tapawhā hanganga mō te whakairi me te tautoko |
| ASTM A501 (Paerewa Whakatakotoranga mō ngā Ngongo Hanganga Rino Waro kua Whakarewahia me te Kore-Tuitui) | GR.A, GR.B | Ngā ngongo hanganga wera-hanga mō te poupou |
| ASTM A690 (Whakatakotoranga Paerewa mō ngā Puranga H Rino Nikara-Parahi-Pūkawae Kaha-Teitei me te Puranga Rau) | Te Tohu Moana | Pou rino ātete waikura wai moana |
| ASTM A572 (Whakatakotoranga Paerewa mō te Rino Hanganga Columbium-Vanadium Kaha-Teitei) | GR.42, GR.50, GR.60, GR.65 | He pou hanganga iti-konumohe kaha-teitei |
| ASTM A588 (Paerewa Whakatakotoranga mō te maitai hanganga koranu iti-kaha me te ātete ki te waikura hau) | GR.A, GR.B, GR.C | Pou maitai e ārai ana i te huarere, turanga piriti |
| ASTM A913 (Paerewa Whakatakotoranga mō ngā Āhua Rino Koranu-Iti Kaha-Teitei o te Kounga Hanganga) | GR.50, GR.60, GR.65, GR.70 | He pou maitai kaha-teitei, he pai ake te kaha ki te whakarewa |
| ASTM A857 (Paerewa Whakatakotoranga mō te Whakatakotoranga Pepa Rino, Hangaia Matao, Ine Māmā) | — | Puranga pepa ine mārama kua hangaia matao |
| EN / DIN / BS / NF Paerewa Piling | ||
| EN 10248 (Pūranga rino hurihuri wera - Ngā tikanga tuku hangarau mō ngā rino kore-koranu) | S235GP, S275GP, S355GP | Te whakapūpū i ngā pepa rino wera-hurihuri me te whakapūpū i ngā paipa |
| EN 10219 (Ngā wāhanga rino kōhao i whakarewahia i te matao mō ngā kaupapa hanganga) | S235JRH, S275JRH, S355JRH, S355J2H | Ngā wāhanga hanganga tuwhera kua whakarewahia matao mō te poupou |
| EN 10025 (Ngā hua whakarewa-wera o ngā maitai hanganga - Ngā maitai hanganga kore-koranu) | S235JR, S275JR, S355JR, S355J2, S420ML, S460ML | He maitai hanganga hurihuri-wera mō te whakairi pou me te whakamahi moana |
| EN 10225 (Ngā maitai hanganga ka taea te whakarewa mō ngā hanganga pūmau i tai) | S355G8+M, S355G10+M, S420G1+QT, S460G1+QT | Te maitai hanganga moana me te taiwhenua mō te poupou |
| EN 10348 (Rino mō te puranga pepa - Puranga pepa maitai kore-koranu hurihuri-wera) | S240GP, S270GP, S320GP, S355GP | He pou whakarewa wera-hurihuri mō ngā pakitara pupuri |
| DIN 2458 (Ngā Ngongo me ngā Whakapiringa Rino i Whakarewahia - Ngā Tikanga Tukunga Hangarau Whānui - kua whakakapia e EN 10219) | St37.0, St44.0, St52.0 | Ngā ngongo maitai whakarewa paerewa Tiamana mō te whakapuru |
| DIN 17100 (Rino mō ngā Kaupapa Hanganga Whānui - kua whakakapia e EN 10025) | Tiriti 37-2, Tiriti 44-2, Tiriti 52-3 | Te maitai hanganga paerewa Tiamana mō te poupou |
| BS 1387 (Whakatakotoranga mō ngā Ngongo me ngā Paipa Rino kua Whakawirihia, kua Whakapirihia hoki - kua whakakapia e EN 10255) | Akomanga A, Akomanga B, Akomanga C | Ngā ngongo maitai miro paerewa o Peretānia mō te pou me te tūāpapa |
| BS 4360 (Whakatakotoranga mō ngā maitai hanganga ka taea te whakarewa - kua whakakapia e EN 10025) | Tau 43A, 43B, 50B | Te maitai hanganga paerewa o Peretānia mō te whakairi pou (tūturu) |
| NF A49-311 (Tubes en acier soudés pour le pillage - paerewa puranga French) | E24, E36 | Ngā ngongo maitai paerewa Wīwī mō te whakairi poupou |
| Ngā Paerewa Whakatō API / JIS / KS / AS / CSA | ||
| API 5L (Whakatakotoranga mō te Paipa Raina) | GR.B, X42, X52, X65, X70 | Paipa raina e whakamahia ana hei pou (he mea noa ki tai) |
| API 2B (Whakatakotoranga mō te Hanga Paipa Rino Hanganga mō ngā Whakamahinga ki Tāwāhi) | GR.42, GR.50, GR.60 | Te whakatō paipa maitai hanganga taiwhenua |
| JIS A5525 (Ngā Puranga Paipa Rino) | SKK490, SKK540 | Ngā puranga paipa rino mō ngā hanganga whanga me te moana |
| JIS A5528 (Ngā Puranga Pepa Ngongo Rino) | SY295, SY390 | Puranga pepa ngongo maitai mō te hanganga tauranga |
| JIS A5526 (Pūranga Rino) | SYW295, SYW390 | Puranga rino hurihuri wera |
| JIS G3444 (Ngā Ngongo Rino Waro mō ngā Kaupapa Hanganga Whānui) | STK290, STK400, STK490, STK540 | Ngā ngongo maitai waro mō te whakairinga hanganga |
| JIS G3136 (Ngā Rino Hurihuri mō te Hanganga Whare) | SN400, SN490 | Ko te pou turanga rino mō te hanga whare |
| KS D 3566 (Ngā Ngongo Rino Waro mō ngā Kaupapa Hanganga Whānui - Paerewa Kōrea) | STK290, STK400, STK490, STK540 | Ngā ngongo hanganga paerewa Kōrea mō te poupou |
| KS D 3862 (Ngā Puranga Paipa Rino - te paerewa Kōrea) | SKK400, SKK490, SKK540 | Ngā puranga paipa rino paerewa o Korea mō ngā hanganga whanga |
| AS 1163 (Ngā Wāhanga Kohao Rino Hanganga - Paerewa Ahitereiria) | C250, C350, C450 | Ngā wāhanga hanganga tuwhera paerewa o Ahitereiria mō te poupou |
| AS 1074 (Ngā Ngongo Rino me ngā Ngongo mō te Ratonga Noa - te paerewa o Ahitereiria) | — | Ngā ngongo maitai paerewa o Ahitereiria mō te whakapuru pou whānui |
| CSA G40.21 (Rino Kounga Hanganga - Paerewa Kānata) | 44W, 50W, 50A | Te maitai hanganga paerewa o Kanata mō te poupou |
| NORSOK / DNV / ISO Piling Standards | ||
| NORSOK Y15 (Ngā Hanganga Rino o Tāwāhi - Ngā Whakaritenga Rauemi) | S355, S420, S460 | Te paerewa o Nōwei mō ngā hanganga maitai o waho |
| NORSOK M-650 (Te Tohu Paetae mō ngā Kaihanga Rauemi Motuhake mō te Whakamahinga ki Tāwāhi) | Ngā māka katoa | Te Tohu Paetae mō te Tukunga Rauemi ki Tāwāhi |
| DNV-OS-B101 (Ngā Rauemi Whakarewa mō ngā Hanganga o Waho Moana) | S355, S420, S460 | Paerewa DNV mō te whakapuru maitai ki tai |
| DNV-OS-C201 (Hoahoa Hanganga o ngā Wāhanga Moana - Ngā Whakaritenga Rauemi) | S355, S420, S460 | Paerewa DNV mō ngā pou hanganga taimoana |
| ISO 630 (Ngā Rino Hanganga - Ngā pereti, ngā papa whānui, ngā pae, ngā wāhanga) | Fe360, Fe430, Fe510 | Paerewa ā-ao mō ngā pou maitai hanganga |
| ISO 3183 (Ngā ahumahi hinu me te hau māori - Paipa maitai mō ngā pūnaha kawe paipa) | L245, L290, L360, L415, L450, L485 | He ōrite te ISO ki te API 5L mō te whakapuru paipa raina |
| Ētahi atu Paerewa Whakatō Kōpae o te Ao | ||
| GOST 10706 (Ngā Paipa Rino Whakarewahia mō ngā Paipa me ngā Hanganga - te paerewa Rūhia) | Tiriti 20, Tiriti 35, Tiriti 45 | Ngā paipa maitai whakarewa paerewa Rūhia mō te whakairi poupou |
| GOST 20295 (Ngā Paipa Rino Whakarewahia mō ngā Paipa Hau me te Hinu Matua - te paerewa Rūhia) | K38, K52, K60 | Paipa raina paerewa Rūhia e whakamahia ana hei poupou |
| NBR 8261 (Pūranga Rino mō te Hanganga Ā-Iwi - paerewa o Brazil) | — | Ngā paipa pou maitai paerewa o Parahi |
| IRAM 688 (Ngā Ngongo Rino mō ngā Kaupapa Hanganga - te paerewa o Argentina) | F24, F36 | Ngā ngongo hanganga paerewa o Argentina mō te poupou |
| SANS 657 (Ngā Ngongo Rino mō ngā Kaupapa Hanganga - Paerewa o Awherika ki te Tonga) | — | Ngā ngongo hanganga paerewa o Āwherika ki te Tonga mō te poupou |
Whakamahinga:Te whakatū poupou turanga hōhonu, te whakatū poupou moana, te whakatū papaaho taimoana, te hanga tauranga me te tauranga, te turanga piriti, te tiaki takutai, te parepare wai, te pūnaha parepare, te poupou koti, te hanga tauranga me te whanga, te whakaora whenua, te whakangungu awa, te hangarau kauhanga, te hanga tauranga wai hōhonu, te turanga whakahou rū whenua, ngā taiepa pupuri, ngā tāwharau, ngā turanga caisson, ngā turanga tāwharau hau taimoana, ngā turanga kauhanga ngongo ruku, ngā pakitara poupou rau
6. Tukanga Hanga - Puranga Paipa Rino ERW me LSAW
Te Tukanga Whakarewa Ātete Hiko (ERW) mō te Whakatō Paipa (219mm – 660mm OD):
Tirotiro Rauemi Mata (Koiri):Ka manatokohia ngā koiri maitai hurihuri wera e haere mai ana mō te hanganga matū, ngā āhuatanga miihini, me te kounga o te mata kia rite ki te ASTM A252, EN 10248, ngā whakaritenga a te kiritaki rānei. Ka tohaina he tau wera ahurei ki ia koiri hei whakarite i te whai i ngā rauemi puta noa i te whakaputanga.
Te Wetewete me te Whakatakotoranga:Ka utaina ngā koiri rino ki runga i te wetekōiri, ka whāngaihia mā roto i tētahi mīhini whakataurite tika hei whakawhāiti i te rīpene, hei tango i te huinga koiri, hei whakarite hoki i te papatahi ōrite mō te hanganga ōrite.
Te Huri me te Kutikuti i te Tapa:Ka mirahia ngā taha roa e rua o te rīpene maitai, ka tapahia kia tika te whānui (±0.5mm). Mā te whakarite taha ka hangaia he mata ma, whakarara e tika ana mō te hanganga whakarewa kounga teitei.
Te Hanga (Te Hanga Matao):Ka haere te rīpene papatahi mā roto i tētahi raupapa haere o ngā rōra hanga (ngā wāhanga pakaru, ngā wāhanga taha, me ngā wāhanga taha tara) e āta hanga ana i te rīpene papatahi hei āhua porotaka tuwhera (anga ngongo) me ngā taha kua rite mō te whakarewa.
Te Whakarewa Auau-Teitei (HFW / ERW):Ka haere te ngongo kua hangaia mā roto i ngā koiri whakapūmau auau-tiketike, i ngā hu whakapā rānei. Ka whakamahanahia ngā taha hono e te au auau-tiketike (te tikanga 200-500 kHz) ki te pāmahana hanga (tata ki te 1,350-1,500°C). Ka puta te whakarewa totoka i te wā e pēhia ana ngā taha kua werahia mā roto i ngā roera pēhi, ka hangaia he whakarewa hanga me te kore he rauemi whakakī tāpiri.
Te Tango i ngā Pīra Whakarewa (Ā-roto me Ā-waho):Ka tangohia te kanapa o roto, o waho hoki (te konganuku whakarewa taikaha) e ngā taputapu carbide (ngā mata whakairo) i te mea e wera tonu ana te rohe whakarewa, ka puta he mata maeneene me te iti o te whakakaha whakarewa.
Te Rahi me te Hanga:Ka haere te ngongo whakarewa mā roto i tētahi raupapa o ngā rōra rahi hei whakatutuki i te manawanui whānui whakamutunga o waho (te nuinga o te wā ±0.5% ki te ±1.0% i runga i te paerewa).
Maimoatanga Wera (Whiringa):Mō ngā tono e hiahia ana kia pai ake te ngāwari, kia māmā ake rānei te ahotea, ka taea te whakamahana i te rohe whakarewa (te ngongo katoa rānei) mā te whakamahana ā-roto, ā-waho rānei. Mā te whakataurite i te pāmahana ki te 890-930°C ka puta he hanganga iti rite tonu o te ferrite-pearlite.
Te tapahi ki te roa:Ka tapahia te paipa tonu ki ngā roa kua tohua mā te whakamahi i ngā kani tapahi rere (tapahi makariri) me te whakahaere roa tika (±3mm mō ngā roa paerewa, +50mm -0mm mō ngā whakaritenga pou).
Whakamātautau Kore-Whakangaro (NDT):
Whakamātautau Ultrasonic 100% (UT):Ka tirotirohia e te pūnaha UT aunoa te hononga whakarewa katoa me te tinana paipa katoa mō ngā whakapiringa, ngā whakaurunga, me te korenga o te hanumitanga.
Whakamātautau Au Eddy (ET):Te tirotiro tonu i te kounga o te whakarewa i runga ipurangi i te wā e whakaputa ana.
Whakamātautau Waipūmau (Whiringa):E wātea ana i runga i te tono a te kiritaki mō ngā mahi whakapuru pou nui e hiahia ana kia manatokohia te pono o te pehanga.
Whakamutunga Whakamutunga:Ngā pito papatahi (tapahia tapawhā) ngā pito piko rānei (koki piko 30°-35°) e ai ki ngā whakaritenga a te kiritaki. Ka taea te whakarewa i ngā mowhiti maitai patunga tapu ki ngā pito paipa hei tiaki atu i te wā e pana ana i te pou.
Arotakenga Whakamutunga me te Tohu:Te tirotiro ā-kanohi mō ngā hapa o te mata, te manatoko i ngā āhuatanga (OD, WT, roa, tika), me te tohu tuturu e ai ki te paerewa e tika ana (tae atu ki te tohu, te rahi, te tau wera, te tautuhi kaihanga).
Te Tukanga LSAW (Whakarewa Āwhata Roa) mō te Whakatō Paipa (508mm – 3,000mm OD):
Tirotiro Rauemi Mata (Pereti):Ka manatokohia ngā pereti maitai e haere mai ana mō te hanganga matū, ngā āhuatanga miihini, te kounga o te mata, me te tika o ngā āhuatanga e ai ki te ASTM A252, EN 10248, ngā whakaritenga rānei a te kiritaki. Ka tohaina he tau wera ahurei ki ia pereti kia taea ai te whai i ngā mea katoa.
Te Whakarite i te Tapa Pereti (Te Whakatōtika):Ka whakapikohia ngā taha whakaroa o te pereti maitai (ko te tikanga he kokonga V kotahi, he kokonga V takirua rānei) mā te whakamahi i ngā mīhini mira taha hei hanga i te āhua tika mō te whakarewa pewa ruku.
Te Piko Pereti (Te Hanga):Ka hangaia te pereti kua oti te whakarite kia puta he āhua porotaka tuwhera mā te whakamahi i te mīhini pēhi piko pereti (te hanga JCO, te hanga UO, te tukanga piko 3-rōra / 4-rōra rānei, i runga i ngā whakaritenga whānui me te matotoru).
Te Whakarewatanga Taapiri:Ka whakapirihia te hononga tuwhera i ētahi wā hei pupuri i te āhua porotaka i te wā o te tukanga whakapiri matua.
Te Whakarewa Āwhata Ruku-ā-roto (SAW):Ka whakarewaina te hononga roa o roto mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu whakarewa pewa ruku aunoa me te huinga rere me te waea e tika ana (kotahi, neke atu rānei ngā putanga i runga i te matotoru o te pakitara).
Te Whakarewa Āwhata Ruku o Waho (SAW):Ka whakarewaina te hononga roa o waho mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu whakarewa pewa ruku aunoa, hei whakaoti i te whakarewa urunga katoa.
Te Whakawhanui (Whiringa):Ka taea te whakawhanui i te paipa whakarewa mā te miihini (te nuinga o te wā he 0.3-1.5% te whakawhanui) hei whakapai ake i te tika o ngā āhuatanga (te porowhita me te tika) me te whakamama i ngā ahotea whakarewa toenga.
Whakamātautau Kore-Whakangaro (NDT):
Whakamātautau Ultrasonic 100% (UT):Ka tirotirohia e te pūnaha UT aunoa te hononga whakarewa katoa (o roto, o waho hoki) me te tinana paipa katoa mō ngā whakapiringa, ngā whakaurunga, te korenga o te hanumi, me ētahi atu momotu.
Whakamātautau Irirangi (RT):Mā te hihi-X, te hihi-kama rānei o te hononga whakarewa (te roa ira, te roa katoa rānei e ai ki te tohu) hei manatoko i te kounga me te urunga o te whakarewa.
Tirotiro Matūriki Aukume (MPI):Te tirotiro i ngā matimati whakarewa me te rohe kua pāngia e te wera mō ngā kapiti me ngā motumotu o te mata.
Whakamutunga Whakamutunga:Ngā pito papatahi (tapahia tapawhā) ngā pito piko rānei (koki piko 30°-35° me te taunga 1.6mm ±0.8mm) e ai ki ngā whakaritenga a te kiritaki. Ka taea te whakarewa i ngā mowhiti maitai patunga tapu ki ngā pito paipa hei tiaki i te pana o ngā pou.
Arotakenga Whakamutunga me te Tohu:Te tirotiro ā-kanohi mō ngā hapa o te mata, te manatoko i ngā āhuatanga (OD, WT, roa, tika, porowhita), me te tohu tuturu e ai ki te paerewa e tika ana.
7. Ngā Tukanga Whakahaere Kounga me te Whakamātautau mō te Whakatō Paipa
| Atamira | Tikanga Tirotiro | Kaupapa |
| Rauemi Mata | Tātari Matū (Ine Matawai OES) | Manatokohia te tutuki i ngā herenga hanganga ASTM A252 / EN 10248 |
| Rauemi Mata | Whakamātautau Kume | Manatokohia te kaha tuku, te kaha kume, te roa |
| Rauemi Mata | Whakamātautau Ultrasonic (Pereti/Koiri) | Kitea ngā whakapiringa me ngā hapa o roto |
| Kei te Tukatuka (ERW) | Tirotiro Ahu (Maikoromita, Calipers) | Aroturukihia te OD, te WT i te wā e hangaia ana, e rahi ana hoki |
| Kei te Tukatuka (LSAW) | Tirotiro i te Whakarite Tapa | Manatokohia te koki piko, te taunga, me te āhua o te mata |
| Rohe Whakarewa (ERW) | Whakamātautau Ultrasonic (UT) - Ipurangi | Kitea ngā motumotu whakarewa, te korenga o te hanumitanga |
| Rohe Whakarewa (LSAW) | Whakamātautau Ultrasonic (UT) - Aunoa | Te tirotiro katoa i te hononga whakarewa mō ngā hapa o roto/o waho |
| Rohe Whakarewa (LSAW) | Whakamātautau Irirangi (RT) | Manatokohia te urunga o te whakarewa, te porosity, te whakaurunga o te para |
| Rohe Whakarewa | Tirotiro Matūriki Aukume (MPI) | Te kimi i ngā pakaru o te mata (whakarewa me te HAZ) |
| Paipa Kua Oti | Tirotiro Ahu | Manatokohia te OD, te WT, te roa, te tika, te porowhita |
| Paipa Kua Oti | Whakamātautau Waipūmau (Whiringa) | Manatokohia te pono o te pēhanga mō ngā tono nui |
| Paipa Kua Oti | Whakamātautau Piko Arataki | Manatokohia te ngāwari me te pakari o te whakarewa |
| Paipa Kua Oti | Whakamātautau Whakapapa (ERW anake) | Manatokohia te ngāwari me te pakari o te tinana o te paipa |
| Paipa Kua Oti | Whakamātautau Pānga Charpy V-Notch (Whiringa) | Manatokohia te pakari o te pāmahana iti mō te whakamahinga moana |
| Paipa Kua Oti | Whakamātautau Pakeke (Whiringa) | Manatokohia te pakeke mōrahi mō te āheinga whakarewa |
| Paipa Kua Oti | Tirotiro Tirohanga me te Mata | Tirohia mēnā he hapa o te mata, he whakapiringa, he kapiti |
| Paipa Kua Oti | Manatoko Tohu | Me whakarite kia mau tonu te tohu e ai ki te paerewa |
Ngā Whakamātautau Kōwhiringa mō ngā Whakamahinga Moana me te Tai Hauāuru:
● Whakamātautau CTOD (Te Nekehanga o te Whakatuwheratanga o te Tipi Pakaru) mō te pakari o te pakaru
● Whakamātautau HIC (Haukaru Pakū) mō NACE TM0284
● Whakamātautau SSC (Pakarutanga Āwangawanga Sulfide) mō NACE TM0177
● Whakamātautau Pakeke (HV10, HRC rānei) mō te tohu ratonga kawa
Ngā tuhinga kounga:
● Tiwhikete Whakamātautau Mira i raro i te EN 10204 Momo 2.2, 3.1, 3.2 rānei
● Pūrongo Whakamātautau Ultrasonic (whakapiri me te tinana)
● Pūrongo Whakamātautau Irirangi (mēnā kua tohua)
● Pūrongo Tirotiro Ahu
● Te whai i te tau wera ki te paipa kua oti
8. Ngā Whakamahinga Matua - Paipa Whakatakoto Rino Moana
He mea nui ngā paipa pou maitai moana ASTM A252 GR.3 me EN 10248 S355GP mō ngā kaupapa turanga hōhonu, hanganga moana, me ngā kaupapa hangarau ā-iwi taumaha:
Te Whakatō Pūtake Hōhonu:He pou amo kawenga mō ngā whare teitei, ngā piriti, ngā whare ahumahi, me ngā hanganga taumaha e hiahia ana ki te tautoko turanga hohonu. Mā te kaha teitei o GR.3 me S355GP ka taea te hōhonu ake te taraiwa me te kaha kawenga teitei ake.
Te Tūāpapa Moana me te Moana-ā-Tai:Ngā pou turanga mō ngā papa hinu me te hau o tai, ngā papa keri, ngā papa whakaputa, me ngā turanga tāpoi hau o tai. Me ātete ngā pou moana ki ngā ngaru, ki ngā kaha o ia au, me te taiao waikura o te wai.
Te Hanganga o te Tauranga, te Tauranga me te Tauranga:Te whakatū pou mō ngā taunga ipu, ngā tauranga utanga nui, ngā taunga pāhihi, ngā whakaurunga Ro-Ro, me ngā tauranga utanga whānui. Ka tautoko ngā pou i ngā hanganga papa, ngā aihe taunga, me ngā aihe whāngai.
Te Tūāpapa Piriti me te Tauranga:He pou turanga hōhonu mō ngā pou piriti, ngā tautoko, me ngā turanga pourewa mō ngā piriti taura-mau me ngā piriti whakairi. Ka whakawhitihia e ngā pou ngā kawenga hanganga ki ngā papa tautoko e tika ana.
Te Tiakitanga o te Takutai Moana me te Taiepa Moana:Te whakatū pou mō ngā hanganga taiapa moana, ngā ārai takutai moana, te tiaki takutai moana, me te whakahaere i te horo. Ka whakaratohia e ngā pou paipa rino he tautoko hanganga pakari mō ngā waeine pukupuku me ngā hanganga taupoki raima.
Te Hanganga o te Parepare me te Tauranga:Te whakatū pou mō ngā turanga pareparenga puke paru, ngā pareparenga pakitara poutū, ngā tauranga me ngā awaawa. Mā ngā pou ka pumau te turanga mō ngā hanganga e marara ana te ngaru.
Tautoko Pūnaha Ārai:Ngā pou tautoko mō ngā pūnaha ārai moana i ngā mata o te tauranga me ngā hanganga taunga. Ka mimitihia e ngā pou te kaha taunga, ā, ka tiaki i te waka me te hanganga i te wā e taunga ana.
Puranga Koti mō te Papa Hinu me te Hau:Te whakapūpū i ngā pou mō ngā hanganga uhi e tautoko ana i ngā papa whakaputa hinu me te hau. Ka panaia ngā pou matotoru, whānui te whānui mā roto i ngā waewae uhi, ā, ka whakakīia ki te waikeri.
Te Whakaora Whenua me te Taiapa Moana Whakaora:Te whakatū pou mō ngā hanganga ārai rohe whakahoki whenua, ngā taiepa moana taha, me ngā awa whakahoki whenua. Mā ngā pou ka whai hua te hanganga mō ngā kaupapa whakawhānui whenua.
Te Whakangungu Awa me te Whakahaere Waipuke:He pou hei tiaki i ngā parenga awa, hei ārahi i ngā parenga, hei whakatō, hei whakahaere waipuke. Mā ngā pou paipa rino ka whakau i ngā parenga awa, ka tiaki hoki i te paru me te horo.
Te Hangarau o te Kauhanga me te Tapahi-me-te-Taupoki:Te whakatū pou mō ngā turanga kauhanga tapahi-me-te-taupoki, ngā pakitara pouhanga wehe, me ngā hanganga tautoko tatau kauhanga. Ka tautoko poutū, ka tautoko taha hoki ngā pou mō ngā hanganga o raro whenua.
Te Tūāpapa Whakahou Ruāwhenua:Te whakatū pou hei whakahou i ngā hanganga o nāianei, tae atu ki ngā turanga piriti, ngā turanga whare, me ngā hanganga tauranga e hiahia ana kia ātete ki te rū whenua.
9. Tākai me te Tukunga - Paipa Whakatakoto Rino Moana
Ka tākaihia, ka tukuna atu hoki ngā paipa poupou maitai moana ASTM A252 GR.3 me EN 10248 S355GP me te tino tupato kia tiakina ai i te wā e kawe ana. Anei te whakaahuatanga o te tukanga tākai me te tuku mō ngā paipa poupou whānui:
Tākai:
Paninga Tiaki:I mua i te tākai, ka pania pea ngā paipa ki tētahi paparanga angiangi o te hinu ārai-waikura, ki tētahi wanihi tiaki rānei hei ārai i te waikura me te waikura o te mata i te wā e rongoa ana, e kawe ana rānei. E wātea ana hoki te paninga tahanga hei paninga tonu i te wāhi e tae atu ai, mō ngā taiao moana rānei kua tohua te āheinga waikura.
Te Whakakotahitanga (Ngā Diameter Iti):Mō ngā paipa iti ake te diameter (kei raro iho i te 610mm / 24"), ka herea ngā paipa ki roto i ngā paipa hexagonal, he tapawhā rānei. Ka herea mā te whakamahi i ngā whitiki maitai (3-5 ngā whitiki mō ia paipa me ngā ārai kokonga tiaki) hei ārai i te nekehanga i roto i te paipa.
Te Whakatakotoranga Takitahi (Ngā Diameter Nui):Mō ngā paipa nui ake te whānui (neke atu i te 610mm / 24"), ka tukuna takitahitia ngā paipa nā te taumaha me ngā herenga o te rahi. Mā te whakakī rakau, te rapa rānei i waenganui i ngā paparanga paipa ka ārai i te pakū me te kino o te paninga.
Ngā Taumata Mutunga:Ka whakanohoia ngā taupoki pito kirihou, maitai rānei ki ngā pito e rua o ia paipa (he takai kirihou rānei mō ngā pito piko) hei tiaki i ngā pito piko, ngā pito papatahi, me ngā hononga miro mai i te kino o te pānga, te urunga mai o ngā paru, me te makuku.
Ngā Mowhiti Rino Patunga (Whiringa):Mō ngā paipa poupou e hiahia ana kia tiakina pai ake ngā pito i te wā e whakatō ana i ngā poupou, ka whakapirihia ngā mowhiti maitai patunga tapu (ko te whānui he 50-100mm te nuinga, ko te matotoru he 6-12mm) ki te pito taraiwa o ia paipa. Ka mimiti ēnei mowhiti i ngā pānga o te hama taraiwa, ā, ka tiaki i te pito paipa mai i te whakarerekētanga.
Whakakī me te Whakamarumaru:Mō ngā ota kaweake kounga teitei, ka whakamahia ngā rauemi whakakī pēnei i ngā mowhiti pahuka, ngā rīpene rapa, ngā papa rakau rānei i waenganui i ngā paparanga paipa hei ārai i te pakū, te kino o te paninga, me te kino o te pānga i te wā e whakahaeretia ana me te kawe.
Ngā Pūwāhi Hiki:Ka taea te tāpiri i ngā taura hiki, i ngā pūwāhi hiki rānei kua tohua ki ngā paipa taumaha (neke atu i te 2,000 kg mō ia paipa) hei whakahaere i te tango utanga haumaru ki te ūnga mā te whakamahi i te kerēni, i te forklift rānei.
Tukunga:
Te Aratau Waka:Ka tukuna ngā paipa mā roto i ngā waka ipu (ngā ipu 20 putu, 40 putu rānei mō ngā diameter iti), ngā kaikawe papatipu (ngā papatipu pakaru mō ngā diameter nui me ngā rahinga nui), te uta tereina rānei, i runga i te ūnga, te rahinga ota, me te tere tuku. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā waka utanga kaupapa mō ngā paipa diameter nui rawa, ngā paipa roa rawa rānei.
Te Whakatakotoranga Ipu (Ngā Diameter Iti):Mō ngā paipa iti ake te diameter (kei raro iho i te 508mm / 20"), ka utaina ngā paipa ki roto i ngā ipu tuku kaipuke paerewa 20 putu, 40 putu rānei hei whakarite i te haumaru me te whakaritenga o te kawe waka. Mā te utaina o ngā ipu ka tiakina ngā utanga mai i ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, te makuku, me ngā poke o waho. Ko te kawenga mōrahi o ngā ipu he 20-25 tana mō ia ipu 20 putu.
Te Utaina o te Waka Nui (Ngā Diameter Nui me ngā Rōrahi Nui):Mō ngā ota nui (te nuinga o te wā >500 tana) me ngā paipa whānui (neke atu i te 508mm / 20 inihi), ka utaina tika ngā paipa ki roto i ngā waka kawe nui, ki ngā waka taputapu rānei. Mā ngā kurupae hiki me ngā pae horapa ka ārai i te kino i te wā e utaina ana. Ka whakamahia ngā mekameka ruku, here, me te whakau hei ārai i te nekenga o ngā utanga i te wā e haere ana i te moana. Ko tēnei tikanga te mea tino whai hua mō ngā kaupapa whakairi pou taumaha i te moana.
Ngā Ipu Papatahi, Ngā Ipu Tūwhera rānei (Teitei Rawa / Te Roa Rawa):Mō ngā paipa e nui ake ana i ngā rahinga ipu paerewa (te roa >12m, te whānui rānei >2.3m), ka taea te whakamahi i ngā ipu whatanga papatahi, ngā ipu tuwhera rānei mō ngā rahinga pakaru. Mā ēnei ipu motuhake ka taea te kawe haumaru i ngā utanga nunui rawa.
Te Tapanga me te Tuhituhi:Kei ia paipa, ia paipa takitahi rānei, he mārama ngā tohu me ngā mōhiohio nui tae atu ki te kounga o ngā rauemi, te paerewa, ngā rahinga, te tau wera, te tau paipa/paipa, me ngā tohutohu whakahaere. Kua whakaritea ngā tuhinga tuku katoa mō te whakawātea i ngā tikanga tuku me te aroturuki i ngā utanga.
Te Whakatutukitanga Tikanga:Mō ngā uta ki tāwāhi, ka whakaritea ngā tuhinga katoa e tika ana mō te tikanga tuku taonga—tae atu ki te nama arumoni, te rārangi tākai, te pire uta, te Tiwhikete Takenga Mai (mēnā e hiahiatia ana), ngā Tiwhikete Whakamātautau Mira, me ngā whakaaetanga kawemai e hiahiatia ana—kia pai ai te tuku i te taonga ki te tauranga ūnga.
Te Whakamau Haumaru:I roto i te waka kawe, i te ipu rānei, ka whakamauhia ngā paipa me ngā paipa takitahi mā te whakamahi i te whitiki maitai (me ngā ārai kokonga), ngā putea tākai, ngā tautoko rakau, ngā here mekameka rānei hei ārai i te neke, te hurihuri, te nekehanga rānei ka pā kino pea i te wā e kawe ana.
Te Aroturuki me te Aroturuki:Ka whakamahia ngā pūnaha aroturuki waka matatau hei aroturuki i te tūnga o ngā kaipuke me te whakarato whakahōutanga wāhi tūturu ki ngā kiritaki. Ka whakaratohia ngā tau aroturuki ipu mō ngā kaipuke ipu katoa. Kei te wātea te aroturuki kaipuke mō ngā kaipuke papatipu.
Inihuarangatia:I runga i te uara ota me ngā hiahia o te kiritaki, ka taea te whakarite i te inihua utanga moana (All Risk, With Average rānei) hei utu i ngā mate, i ngā kino rānei i te wā e kawe ana. Mō ngā kaupapa whakairi pou moana utu nui, ka tūtohuhia pea kia tāpirihia he inihua taura me te tāutanga.
Te Whakamahere mō te Hiki Taumaha:Mō ngā paipa taumaha rawa (neke atu i te 5,000 kg ia paipa), me whakarite kia mahi tahi me te tauranga ūnga mō ngā taputapu kawe hiki taumaha (ngā kerēne he nui te kaha, ngā pae horapa motuhake). Ka whakaratohia e Womic Steel ngā whakaritenga utanga taipitopito tae atu ki ngā taumaha paipa takitahi me ngā inenga mō te whakamahere kaupapa.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ka whakarite a Womic Steel kia tākaihia ngā paipa poupou maitai moana ASTM A252 GR.3 me EN 10248 S355GP katoa ki ngā tikanga tiaki matua o te ahumahi, ā, ka tukuna mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga kawe pono kia tae atu ai ki tō rātou ūnga i roto i te āhua pai rawa atu. He mea nui ngā tikanga tākai me te tuku tika hei pupuri i te pono me te kounga o ngā hua kua tukuna, inā koa mō ngā kaupapa turanga moana nui.
10. Ngā Painga me ngā Pātai Auau mō te Rino Womic - Paipa Whakatakoto Rino Moana
He aha koe ka mahi tahi ai me Womic Steel mō ngā paipa whakapuru moana?
Te whānuitanga katoa o ngā tukanga me ngā rahi:E wātea ana ngā tukanga ERW (219mm-660mm OD) me te LSAW/SSAW (508mm-3,000mm OD) i raro i te tuanui kotahi, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he maha ngā kaiwhakarato. E wātea ana te matotoru o te pakitara tae atu ki te 50.8mm me te roa tae atu ki te 60m mō ngā kaupapa turanga hōhonu.
Pūkenga Paerewa Rua:Te tutuki katoa i ngā paerewa ASTM A252 (GR.1, GR.2, GR.3) me EN 10248 (S235GP, S275GP, S355GP), me ngā paerewa tāpiri (API 5L, EN 10219, JIS A5525, me ētahi atu). Kotahi te kaiwhakarato mō ngā whakaritenga mākete maha.
Arotahi ki te Moana me te Moana-ā-Tai:He wheako motuhake ki ngā mahi whakatū pou i roto i te moana me te takutai moana tae atu ki te hanganga tauranga, ngā papaaho takutai moana, ngā turanga piriti, me ngā kaupapa tiaki takutai moana. He māramatanga ki ngā whakaritenga tiaki waikura moana me te ahotea taraiwa.
Ngā Mowhiti Rino Patunga:Te whakarewatanga o roto o ngā mowhiti maitai patunga tapu ki ngā pito pana paipa hei whakapai ake i te tiaki i te wā e pana ana i ngā pou, hei whakaiti i te rerekētanga o te pito paipa me ngā whakaroa tāutanga.
Ngā Ratonga Uara-Tāpiri:Kei te wātea mai i roto i te whare, i roto rānei i ngā whare mahi hoa whai tohu te whakapiko pito (30°-35°), te tapahi pito papatahi, te paninga tiaki (FBE, 3LPE, Coal Tar Epoxy, Galvanizing), me te takai ārai-waikura.
Te āheinga mō te roa:Tae atu ki te 60m te roa kotahi mō ngā kaupapa turanga hōhonu, ka whakaiti i ngā whakaritenga honohono papa me te wā tāutanga. Kei te wātea ngā roa ritenga, kāore he utu tāpiri mō ngā awhe paerewa.
Te Whakahaere Whakataetae:Mā te hononga rautaki me ngā kaikawe utanga o te ao me ngā tohunga utanga kaupapa ka whakarite kia pai te uta (ipu, puranga pakaru, kaipuke kaupapa rānei) me te tuku kaipuke puta noa i te ao mō ngā paipa pou taumaha me ngā paipa nunui.
Ngā tuhinga whānui:Ngā Tiwhikete Whakamātautau Mira Katoa (EN 10204 Momo 2.2, 3.1, 3.2 rānei), ngā pūrongo NDT (UT, RT), ngā pūrongo ā-ahu, me ngā tuhinga whaiwhai e whakaratohia ana mō ia tuku. Ka taea te tirotiro mā te hunga tuatoru (SGS, BV, TÜV, LR, DNV) ina tonoa.
Kōwhiria te Womic Steel Group hei hoa pono mō ngā paipa poupou maitai moana kounga teitei ASTM A252 GR.3 me EN 10248 S355GP me te mahi tuku tino pai mō ngā kaupapa moana, takutai moana, me ngā kaupapa turanga hohonu puta noa i te ao. Nau mai ki te uiui!
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Ngā Pātai Auau (FAQ) - Paipa Whakatakoto Rino Moana
P: He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i te ASTM A252 GR.3 me te EN 10248 S355GP mō te whakatō poupou moana?
A: Ko te kaha whakaputa iti rawa o te ASTM A252 GR.3 (paerewa Amerikana) he 345 MPa (50,000 psi), ko te kaha whakaputa iti rawa o te EN 10248 S355GP (paerewa Pākehā) he 355 MPa (51,500 psi). He paku kaha ake ngā herenga hanganga matū o te EN 10248 S355GP (C, P, S iti iho) me ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau pānga pāmahana iti hei whiriwhiri. He pai ēnei e rua mō ngā tono poupou moana. Ko te kōwhiringa ka whakawhirinaki ki te whakatakotoranga kaupapa me te manakohanga paerewa rohe. Mō ngā kaupapa i Amerika me Āhia e whai ana i ngā paerewa API/ASTM, ko te GR.3 te mea pai. Mō ngā kaupapa Pākehā, Waenganui Rawhiti, me Awherika, ko te S355GP te mea e tohua whānuitia ana.
P: Ko tēhea tukanga hangahanga me whiriwhiri e au mō taku kaupapa paipa poupou - ERW, LSAW rānei?
A: Mō ngā diameter o waho tae atu ki te 660mm (26 inihi), he iti ake te utu o te ERW, ā, he tere ake te wā whakaputa. Mō ngā diameter mai i te 508mm ki te 3,000mm (20 ki te 120 inihi), me whakamahi te LSAW nā te mea kāore e taea e te hangarau ERW te whakaputa i ēnei diameter nui ake. Mō ngā diameter neke atu i te 3,000mm (120 inihi), ka whakaarohia pea te SSAW (whakapiri porowhita). Ka pāngia hoki te kōwhiringa tukanga e ngā whakaritenga matotoru o te pakitara - ka taea e te LSAW te whakatutuki i ngā pakitara matotoru ake (tae atu ki te 50.8mm) ki te whakaritea ki te ERW (tae atu ki te 25.4mm te nuinga). Ka taea e Womic Steel te tuku tohutohu mō te tukanga tino pai i runga i ō whakaritenga āhua me te tahua kaupapa.
P: He aha te mowhiti maitai patunga tapu, ā, āhea me whakamahi?
A: He wāhanga maitai poto te mowhiti maitai patunga tapu (ko te whānui he 50-100mm te nuinga, ko te matotoru he 6-12mm, he paipa OD ōrite) kua whakapirihia ki te pito taraiwa o te paipa poupou. Ka mimiti i te kaha pānga mai i te hama taraiwa poupou, hei tiaki i te pito paipa mai i te whakarerekētanga, te piko, te ngatata rānei. E taunakihia ana ngā mowhiti patunga tapu mō:
● Ngā āhuatanga taraiwa uaua (onepu matotoru, kirikiri, kōhatu)
● Ngā hama taraiwa pou taumaha (pānga kaha nui)
● Ngā paipa angiangi (ōwehenga diameter-ki-te-matotoru > 50)
● Ngā kaupapa nui ka whakaroa i te wātaka ina pakaru te pito o ngā paipa
● Ngā paipa e hiahia ana kia ātete wai i muri i te taraiwa
Q: He aha ngā kōwhiringa roa e wātea ana mō ngā paipa poupou moana? Ka taea e koe te whakarato i ngā roa roa hei whakaiti i te hononga o te papa?
A: Ko ngā roa paerewa he 6m, 12m, me te 18m. Mō ngā kaupapa turanga hohonu me ngā kaupapa moana, ka tukuna e mātou ngā roa ritenga tae atu ki te 60m (200 putu) i runga i te whānui me te matotoru o te pakitara. He nui ngā painga o ngā roa roa: he iti ake te maha o ngā hononga mara (he iti ake te utu tāutanga, he tere ake te wātaka), he pai ake te haere tonu o te hanganga, me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā hapa whakarewa. Heoi, ko ngā roa roa ake me whai kawe motuhake (ngā ipu whatanga papatahi, ngā kaipuke nui, ngā utanga kaupapa rānei) ā, tera pea he nui ake ngā utu kawe. Ka tūtohu mātou kia arotauhia te roa i runga i ngā whakaritenga o te kaupapa, ngā kōwhiringa kawe, me ngā here urunga ki te papa. Tena koa homai ō taipitopito kaupapa mō te wātea o te roa me te wā arahi.
Q: He aha ngā kōwhiringa paninga e wātea ana mō ngā paipa poupou moana hei tiaki i te waikura o te wai moana?
A: He maha ā mātou kōwhiringa paninga ārai-waikura mō ngā taiao moana:
FBE (Epoxy Hononga Whakakotahi):Paparanga kotahi, paparanga takirua rānei, he pai rawa te ātete ki te piri me te wetewete cathodic, ko te matotoru noa he 300-500 microns.
3LPE / 3LPP (Polyethylene / Polypropylene Papa Toru):He tino pai te tiaki ā-mīhini me te ātete ki te waikura, ko te matotoru noa he 2.0-4.5mm, he pai mō ngā taiao moana nanakia.
Epoxy Tā Waro:He ātete wai tino pai me te hototahi ki te tiaki katote, ko te matotoru noa he 300-600 maikorona.
Te Whakarewatanga o te Toka Wera:Mā te paninga konutea (te nuinga o te 85-100 maikorona), ka tiakina ngā wāhi pakaru o te paninga.
Epoxy Wai:Paninga pania ki te papa hei whakatikatika me te whakatika.
Paninga Taumaha Konukuraiti (CWC):Mō ngā paipa totohu e hiahia ana kia pōuri kino.
Mō te nuinga o ngā mahi whakapuru i te moana, ko te paninga 3LPE, FBE rānei me te tiaki katote (ngā anode patunga tapu, te iahiko rānei) te paerewa ahumahi. Ko te kōwhiringa paninga ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā āhuatanga o te wai moana (te pāmahana, te tote, te nui o te hāora), te roa o te hoahoa (20-50 tau), me te tahua kaupapa.
Q: Ka taea e koe te tuku paipa poupou me te tirotiro a te hunga tuatoru (SGS, BV, TÜV, DNV, LR)?
Āe. E mihi ana mātou ki ngā tirotiro a te DNV, BV, SGS, TÜV, ABS, LR, tētahi atu māngai rānei kua tohua e te kiritaki i te wā whakaputa (mātakitaki i te whakamātautau rauemi mata, te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga, te NDT, me te tirotiro whakamutunga) me mua i te tuku. 3.2 ka tukuna tonutia ngā tiwhikete tirotiro kua whakamanahia e ngā rōpū tuatoru whai mana ina tonoa. Mō ngā kaupapa moana me ngā kaupapa taiwhenua e hiahia ana kia whakaaetia e te rōpū whakarōpūtanga (DNV, ABS, LR, BV), ka mahi tahi mātou me te rōpū mō te haere mai o ngā kairūri me te whakaae ki ngā tuhinga.
Q: He aha ngā whakamātautau kore-whakangaro (NDT) e hiahiatia ana mō ngā paipa poupou moana?
A: Mō te ASTM A252 GR.3, he iti noa ngā whakaritenga NDT paerewa (kāore he NDT whakahau mō te taumata paerewa). Heoi, mō ngā tono moana me te takutai moana nui, ka tūtohu mātou, ā, ka taea e mātou te whakarato:
Whakamātautau Ultrasonic 100% (UT)o te hononga whakarewa me te tinana paipa (mō te LSAW me te ERW)
Tirotiro Matūriki Aukume (MPI)o ngā matimati whakarewa me te rohe e pāngia ana e te wera
Whakamātautau Irirangi (RT)o te hononga whakarewa (roa ira, roa katoa rānei)
Matawai Laminar UTo ngā taha pereti i mua i te whakarewanga (mō te LSAW)
Mō te EN 10248 S355GP, ka taea e te kaihoko te tohu i ngā whakamātautau tāpiri tae atu ki te UT, te MPI rānei. Ka tūtohu tonu mātou kia matapakihia ngā whakaritenga NDT i te wā tuku utu kia tika ai te whānuitanga me ngā tuhinga whakamātautau.
P: He aha te roa mōrahi ka taea e koe te whakarato mō ngā paipa poupou whānui (hei tauira, 2,000mm OD × 25mm WT)?
A: Mō te 2,000mm OD × 25mm WT, ka taea e mātou te whakarato i ngā roa takitahi tae atu ki te 24m (tata ki te 80 putu) mō te tukanga LSAW. Mō ngā diameter neke atu i te 1,500mm, ko te roa mōrahi ka herea e te wātea o te rahi pereti me ngā herenga kawe. Tena koa whakapā mai ki a mātou me ō whakaritenga āhuatanga motuhake (OD, WT, roa, rahinga) mō te aromatawai kaha taipitopito me te whakatau utu wā arahi. Mō ngā kaupapa e hiahia ana kia roa ake i ngā rohe kawe paerewa (hei tauira, >24m mō ngā diameter nui), ka taea e mātou te āwhina ki te whakamahere kaupapa tae atu ki te poti, ngā whakaritenga kawe motuhake rānei.
Q: Kei te whakarato koe i ngā ratonga tapahi-ki-te-roa mō te whakatō paipa? He aha ngā ātete ka taea e koe te whakatutuki?
Āe. Ka tukuna e mātou he tapahi tika ki ngā roa kua tohua e te kiritaki me ngā ātete kikī. Ko te ātete roa paerewa ko te +50mm / -0mm e ai ki ngā whakaritenga a ASTM A252 me EN 10248. Mō ngā kaupapa e hiahia ana ki ngā ātete tata, ka taea e mātou te whakatutuki i te ±3mm mō ngā diameter tae atu ki te 660mm (ERW) me te ±5mm mō ngā diameter nui ake (LSAW) me te tukatuka tāpiri. Ka taea te tapahi mā te whakapiko pito (30°-35° koki whakapiko me te taunga 1.6mm ±0.8mm) mō te whakarewa papa, te whakaoti pito papatahi rānei e hiahiatia ana. Tena koa tohua ō whakaritenga ātete i te wā tuku utu.
P: He aha te wā ārahi mō te paipa poupou moana ASTM A252 GR.3, EN 10248 S355GP rānei?
A: Ko ngā wā arataki paerewa mō ngā paipa poupou i hangaia i te mira (ehara i te mea nō te taonga) he tata ki te 30-45 ngā rā mō te tukanga ERW me te 45-60 ngā rā mō te tukanga LSAW, i runga i te rahinga ota, te whānui, te matotoru o te pakitara, me ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau motuhake. Tērā pea ka wātea ngā ota tere (20-30 ngā rā) mō ngā rahinga iti ake, mō ngā rahinga paerewa rānei i hangaia mai i ngā rauemi taonga. Mō ngā kaupapa e hiahia ana kia tirotirohia e te hunga tuatoru (SGS, BV, DNV, me ētahi atu), tāpirihia he 5-10 ngā rā mō te whakarite me te tuhi i ngā tirotiro. Mō te paninga (FBE, 3LPE, me ētahi atu), tāpirihia he 10-20 ngā rā i runga i te momo paninga me te rahinga. Tena koa whakapā mai ki a mātou me te rārangi wā o tō kaupapa mō te whakatau utu mō te wā arataki o nāianei.
P: He aha ngā tuhinga e whakaratohia ana mō ia utaina o ngā paipa whakapuru moana?
A: Kei roto i ia uta he tuhinga whānui:
Tiwhikete Whakamātautau Mira (MTC):e ai ki te EN 10204 Momo 3.1 (Momo 2.2 / 3.2 rānei mēnā ka tonoa) tae atu ki te hanganga matū, ngā āhuatanga kume, me ngā hua whakamātautau e tika ana
Pūrongo Tirotiro Ahu:tae atu ki te OD, te WT, te roa, te tika, te porowhita
Ngā Pūrongo Whakamātautau Kore-Whakangaro:Ngā pūrongo UT (whakarewa me te tinana), ngā pūrongo RT (mēnā kua tohua), ngā pūrongo MPI
Ngā tuhinga mō te whai i te whai:te tau wera ki ngā rekoata whai i ngā paipa kua oti
Rārangi Tākai:rārangi taipitopito mō ngā paihere/paipa me ngā rahinga, ngā inenga, me ngā taumaha
Whakapuakitanga Nama Tauhokohoko me te Tākai:mō te whakawātea tikanga
Tiwhikete Taketake:mēnā e hiahiatia ana e te whenua e haere atu ana (C/O, Puka E, me ētahi atu rānei)
Ngā Pūrongo Paninga:mēnā he paninga kua pania (matotoru, piri, kitea he āputaputa)
Mō te EN 10248 S355GP, ka taea te whakarato i ētahi atu tuhinga tae atu ki te whakapuakitanga tohu CE me te Whakapuakitanga Mahi (DoP) ina tonoa.
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