Whakaahuatanga Hua
Ko ngā paipa rino porowhita, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā paipa helical submerged arc-welded (HSAW), he momo paipa rino e tohuhia ana e ō rātou tukanga hanga motuhake me ngā āhuatanga hanganga. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ēnei paipa i roto i ngā momo ahumahi nā tō rātou kaha, te roa, me te ngāwari ki te urutau. Anei tētahi whakamārama taipitopito mō ngā paipa rino porowhita:
Tukanga Hanga:Ka hangaia ngā paipa rino porowhita mā te tukanga ahurei e whakamahi ana i te koiri rino. Ka wetekina te koiri ka hangaia kia rite ki te āhua porowhita, kātahi ka whakarewahia mā te tikanga whakarewa pewa ruku (SAW). Ka hua ake i tēnei tukanga he hononga porowhita tonu i te roanga o te paipa.
Hoahoa Hanganga:Mā te hononga porowhita o ngā paipa rino porowhita ka kaha ake, ka pai ai mō te tu atu ki ngā kawenga me ngā pēhanga teitei. Mā tēnei hoahoa ka tohatoha ōrite te ahotea, ā, ka whakarei ake i te kaha o te paipa ki te ātete i te piko me te whakarerekētanga.
Awhe Rahi:He whānuitia ngā diameters o ngā paipa rino porowhita (tae atu ki te 120 inihi) me ngā matotoru, e āhei ai te ngāwari ki ngā momo mahi. He nui ake ngā diameters e wātea ana i ngā momo paipa kē atu.
Ngā tono:E whakamahia ana ngā paipa rino porowhita i roto i ngā ahumahi kanorau pērā i te hinu me te hau, te tuku wai, te hanga, te ahuwhenua, me te whakawhanaketanga hanganga. He pai mō ngā mahi i runga ake i te whenua me raro i te whenua.
Ātete ki te Waikura:Hei whakaroa i te roa o te wā e whakamahia ana ngā paipa rino porowhita hei ārai i te waikura. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā paninga o roto, o waho hoki, pērā i te epoxy, te polyethylene, me te konutea, hei tiaki i ngā paipa mai i ngā āhuatanga taiao me ngā matū waikura.
Ngā Painga:He maha ngā painga o ngā paipa rino porowhita, tae atu ki te kaha ki te pikau kawenga, te utu iti mō ngā paipa whānui, te ngāwari o te tāutanga, me te ātete ki te whakarerekētanga. Ka āwhina hoki tō rātou hoahoa porowhita i te whakahekenga pai o te wai.
RoaVSPorowhita:E taea ai te wehewehe i ngā paipa rino porowhita mai i ngā paipa whakarewa roa mā roto i tā rātou tukanga hanga. Ahakoa ka hangaia, ka whakarewahia hoki ngā paipa roa i te roanga o te paipa, he hononga porowhita tō ngā paipa porowhita i hangaia i te wā hanga.
Mana Kounga:He mea nui ngā tukanga hanga me te whakahaere kounga ki te whakaputa paipa maitai porowhita pono. Ka aro turukihia ngā tawhā whakarewa, te āhua o ngā paipa, me ngā tikanga whakamātautau kia tutuki ai ngā paerewa me ngā whakaritenga o te ahumahi.
Ngā Paerewa me ngā Whakatakotoranga:Ka hangaia ngā paipa rino porowhita i runga anō i ngā paerewa o te ao me ngā paerewa motuhake o te ahumahi pēnei i te API 5L, ASTM, EN, me ētahi atu. Ka tautuhia e ēnei paerewa ngā āhuatanga rauemi, ngā tikanga hanga, me ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, he otinga maha ngā mahi, he otinga pakari hoki ngā paipa rino porowhita mō ngā momo ahumahi. Nā te tukanga hanga ahurei, te kaha ā-roto, me te wātea mai i ngā rahi rerekē, ka whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā hanganga, te kawe waka, te pūngao, te hanga tauranga me te maha atu. He mea nui te whiriwhiri tika, te whakahaere kounga, me ngā mahi tiaki waikura ki te whakarite i te mahi roa o ngā paipa rino porowhita.
Ngā Whakatakotoranga
| API 5L: GR.B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80 |
| ASTM A252: GR.1, GR.2, GR.3 |
| EN 10219-1: S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H |
| EN10210: S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H |
| ASTM A53/A53M: GR.A, GR.B |
| EN 10217: P195TR1, P195TR2, P235TR1, P235TR2, P265TR1, P265TR2 |
| DIN 2458: St37.0, St44.0, St52.0 |
| AS/NZS 1163: Tau C250, Tau C350, Tau C450 |
| GB/T 9711: L175, L210, L245, L290, L320, L360, L390, L415, L450, L485 |
| ASTMA671: CA55/CB70/CC65, CB60/CB65/CB70/CC60/CC70, CD70/CE55/CE65/CF65/CF70, CF66/CF71/CF72/CF73, CG100/CH100/CI100/CJ100 |
| Diameter (mm) | Matotoru o te Pakitara (mm) | |||||||||||||||||||
| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | |
| 219.1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||||||
| 273 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||||||
| 323.9 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||||
| 325 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||||
| 355.6 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||||
| 377 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
| 406.4 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
| 426 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
| 457 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
| 478 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
| 508 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
| 529 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
| 630 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
| 711 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
| 720 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
| 813 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
| 820 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
| 920 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
| 1020 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
| 1220 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
| 1420 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
| 1620 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
| 1820 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
| 2020 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
| 2220 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
| 2500 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
| 2540 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
| 3000 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
Te Manawanui ki te Diameter o Waho me te Matotoru o te Pakitara
| Paerewa | Te Manawanui ki te Tinana Paipa | Te Manawanui ki te Pito Paipa | Te Manawanui ki te Matotoru o te Pakitara | |||
| Diameter o waho | Manawanui | Diameter o waho | Manawanui | |||
| GB/T3091 | OD≤48.3mm | ≤±0.5 | OD≤48.3mm | - | ≤±10% | |
| 48.3 | ≤±1.0% | 48.3 | - | |||
| 273.1 | ≤±0.75% | 273.1 | -0.8~+2.4 | |||
| OD>508mm | ≤±1.0% | OD>508mm | -0.8~+3.2 | |||
| GB/T9711.1 | OD≤48.3mm | -0.79~+0.41 | - | - | OD≤73 | -12.5%~+20% |
| 60.3 | ≤±0.75% | OD≤273.1mm | -0.4~+1.59 | 88.9≤OD≤457 | -12.5%~+15% | |
| 508 | ≤±1.0% | OD≥323.9 | -0.79~+2.38 | OD≥508 | -10.0%~+17.5% | |
| OD>941mm | ≤±1.0% | - | - | - | - | |
| GB/T9711.2 | 60 | ±0.75%D~±3mm | 60 | ±0.5%D~±1.6mm | 4mm | ±12.5%T~±15.0%T |
| 610 | ±0.5%D~±4mm | 610 | ±0.5%D~±1.6mm | Taumaha ≥25mm | -3.00mm~+3.75mm | |
| OD>1430mm | - | OD>1430mm | - | - | -10.0%~+17.5% | |
| SY/T5037 | OD<508mm | ≤±0.75% | OD<508mm | ≤±0.75% | OD<508mm | ≤±12.5% |
| OD≥508mm | ≤±1.00% | OD≥508mm | ≤±0.50% | OD≥508mm | ≤±10.0% | |
| API 5L PSL1/PSL2 | OD<60.3 | -0.8mm~+0.4mm | OD≤168.3 | -0.4mm~+1.6mm | Taumaha≤5.0 | ≤±0.5 |
| 60.3≤OD≤168.3 | ≤±0.75% | 168.3 | ≤±1.6mm | 5.0 | ≤±0.1T | |
| 168.3 | ≤±0.75% | 610 | ≤±1.6mm | T≥15.0 | ≤±1.5 | |
| 610 | ≤±4.0mm | OD>1422 | - | - | - | |
| OD>1422 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| API 5CT | OD<114.3 | ≤±0.79mm | OD<114.3 | ≤±0.79mm | ≤-12.5% | |
| OD≥114.3 | -0.5%~1.0% | OD≥114.3 | -0.5%~1.0% | ≤-12.5% | ||
| ASTM A53 | ≤±1.0% | ≤±1.0% | ≤-12.5% | |||
| ASTM A252 | ≤±1.0% | ≤±1.0% | ≤-12.5% | |||
| DN mm | NB Inihi | OD mm | SCH40S mm | SCH5S mm | SCH10S mm | SCH10 mm | SCH20 mm | SCH40 mm | SCH60 mm | XS/80S mm | SCH80 mm | SCH100 mm | SCH120 mm | SCH140 mm | SCH160 mm | SCHXXS mm |
| 6 | 1/8” | 10.29 | 1.24 | 1.73 | 2.41 | |||||||||||
| 8 | 1/4” | 13.72 | 1.65 | 2.24 | 3.02 | |||||||||||
| 10 | 3/8” | 17.15 | 1.65 | 2.31 | 3.20 | |||||||||||
| 15 | 1/2” | 21.34 | 2.77 | 1.65 | 2.11 | 2.77 | 3.73 | 3.73 | 4.78 | 7.47 | ||||||
| 20 | 3/4” | 26.67 | 2.87 | 1.65 | 2.11 | 2.87 | 3.91 | 3.91 | 5.56 | 7.82 | ||||||
| 25 | 1” | 33.40 | 3.38 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.38 | 4.55 | 4.55 | 6.35 | 9.09 | ||||||
| 32 | 1 1/4” | 42.16 | 3.56 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.56 | 4.85 | 4.85 | 6.35 | 9.70 | ||||||
| 40 | 1 1/2” | 48.26 | 3.68 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.68 | 5.08 | 5.08 | 7.14 | 10.15 | ||||||
| 50 | 2” | 60.33 | 3.91 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.91 | 5.54 | 5.54 | 9.74 | 11.07 | ||||||
| 65 | 2 1/2” | 73.03 | 5.16 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.16 | 7.01 | 7.01 | 9.53 | 14.02 | ||||||
| 80 | 3” | 88.90 | 5.49 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.49 | 7.62 | 7.62 | 11.13 | 15.24 | ||||||
| 90 | 3 1/2” | 101.60 | 5.74 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.74 | 8.08 | 8.08 | ||||||||
| 100 | 4” | 114.30 | 6.02 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 6.02 | 8.56 | 8.56 | 11.12 | 13.49 | 17.12 | |||||
| 125 | 5” | 141.30 | 6.55 | 2.77 | 3.40 | 6.55 | 9.53 | 9.53 | 12.70 | 15.88 | 19.05 | |||||
| 150 | 6” | 168.27 | 7.11 | 2.77 | 3.40 | 7.11 | 10.97 | 10.97 | 14.27 | 18.26 | 21.95 | |||||
| 200 | 8” | 219.08 | 8.18 | 2.77 | 3.76 | 6.35 | 8.18 | 10.31 | 12.70 | 12.70 | 15.09 | 19.26 | 20.62 | 23.01 | 22.23 | |
| 250 | 10” | 273.05 | 9.27 | 3.40 | 4.19 | 6.35 | 9.27 | 12.70 | 12.70 | 15.09 | 19.26 | 21.44 | 25.40 | 28.58 | 25.40 | |
| 300 | 12” | 323.85 | 9.53 | 3.96 | 4.57 | 6.35 | 10.31 | 14.27 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 21.44 | 25.40 | 28.58 | 33.32 | 25.40 | |
| 350 | 14” | 355.60 | 9.53 | 3.96 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 11.13 | 15.09 | 12.70 | 19.05 | 23.83 | 27.79 | 31.75 | 35.71 | |
| 400 | 16” | 406.40 | 9.53 | 4.19 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 16.66 | 12.70 | 21.44 | 26.19 | 30.96 | 36.53 | 40.49 | |
| 450 | 18” | 457.20 | 9.53 | 4.19 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 14.27 | 19.05 | 12.70 | 23.83 | 29.36 | 34.93 | 39.67 | 45.24 | |
| 500 | 20” | 508.00 | 9.53 | 4.78 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 15.09 | 20.62 | 12.70 | 26.19 | 32.54 | 38.10 | 44.45 | 50.01 | |
| 550 | 22” | 558.80 | 9.53 | 4.78 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 22.23 | 12.70 | 28.58 | 34.93 | 41.28 | 47.63 | 53.98 | ||
| 600 | 24” | 609.60 | 9.53 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 17.48 | 24.61 | 12.70 | 30.96 | 38.89 | 46.02 | 52.37 | 59.54 | |
| 650 | 26” | 660.40 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 | ||||||||||
| 700 | 28” | 711.20 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 | ||||||||||
| 750 | 30” | 762.00 | 9.53 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 | ||||||||
| 800 | 32” | 812.80 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 12.70 | |||||||||
| 850 | 34” | 863.60 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 12.70 | |||||||||
| 900 | 36” | 914.40 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 19.05 | 12.70 | |||||||||
| DN 1000mm me runga ake Te whānui o te matotoru o te pakitara paipa Te mōrahi 25mm | ||||||||||||||||
Paerewa me te Tau
| Paerewa | Ngā Tohu Rino |
| API 5L: Whakatakotoranga mō te Paipa Raina | GR.B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80 |
| ASTM A252: Whakatakotoranga Paerewa mō ngā Puranga Paipa Rino Whakarewahia me te Kore Tuitui | GR.1, GR.2, GR.3 |
| EN 10219-1: Ngā Wāhanga Hanganga Kore-koranu me ngā Rino Pai kua Whakarewahia, kua Hangaia ki te Matao | S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H |
| EN10210: Ngā Wāhanga Hanganga Kore-Koranu me ngā Rino Pai kua Oti te Whakaoti | S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H |
| ASTM A53/A53M: Paipa, Rino, Mangu me te Toia-wera, Paninga-Konutea, Whakarewahia me te Tuitui Kore | GR.A, GR.B |
| EN 10217: Ngā Ngongo Rino Whakarewahia mō ngā Kaupapa Pēhanga | P195TR1, P195TR2, P235TR1, P235TR2, P265TR1, P265TR2 |
| DIN 2458: Ngā Paipa me ngā Ngongo Rino i Whakarewahia | St37.0, St44.0, St52.0 |
| AS/NZS 1163: Paerewa Ahitereiria/Aotearoa mō ngā Wāhanga Kohao Rino Hanganga Matao | Tau C250, Tau C350, Tau C450 |
| GB/T 9711: Ngā Ahumahi Hinu me te Hau Taiao - Paipa Rino mō ngā Paipa | L175, L210, L245, L290, L320 , L360, L390 , L415, L450 , L485 |
| AWWA C200: Paipa Wai Rino 6 Inihi (150 mm) me te Nui Ake | maitai waro |
Tukanga Hanga
Mana Kounga
● Te Tirotiro i ngā Rauemi Mata
● Tātari Matū
● Whakamātautau Mīhini
● Tirotiro Tirohanga
● Tirotiro Ahu
● Whakamātautau Piko
● Whakamātautau Pānga
● Whakamātautau Waikura Ā-Whānui
● Whakamātautau Kore-Whakangaro (UT, MT, PT)
● Tohu Paetae mō te Tukanga Whakarewa
● Tātari Hanganga Moroiti
● Whakamātautau Mumura me te Whakapapatahi
● Whakamātautau Pakari
● Whakamātautau Pēhanga
● Whakamātautau Whakarewatanga
● Whakamātautau Waikura
● Whakamātautau Auaha Eddy
● Te Tirotiro Peita me te Paninga
● Arotake Tuhinga
Te Whakamahinga me te Taupānga
He maha ngā whakamahinga o ngā paipa rino porowhita, ā, he whānui te whakamahinga i roto i ngā momo ahumahi nā ō rātou āhuatanga ahurei me ngā painga. Ka hangaia ēnei mā te whakapiripiri i ngā rīpene rino kia hanga he paipa me te hononga porowhita tonu. Anei ētahi whakamahinga noa o ngā paipa rino porowhita:
● Te Kawe Wai: He pai te kawe a ēnei paipa i te wai, te hinu, me te hau puta noa i ngā tawhiti roa i roto i ngā paipa nā te mea he pai te hanganga me te kaha.
● Hinu me te Hau: He mea nui mō ngā ahumahi hinu me te hau, e kawe ana i te hinu mata, te hau māori, me ngā hua kua parakore, hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia tūhura me te tohatoha.
● Te whakatū pou: Ka tautokohia e ngā pou turanga i roto i ngā kaupapa hangahanga ngā kawenga taumaha i roto i ngā hanganga pēnei i ngā whare me ngā piriti.
● Te Whakamahinga Hanganga: Ina whakamahia i roto i ngā anga hanga, ngā pou, me ngā tautoko, ka whai wāhi te pakari ki te pumau o te hanganga.
● Ngā Paipa me te Waikeri: Ka whakamahia i roto i ngā pūnaha wai, nā te ātete ki te waikura me te maeneene o roto ka ārai i te aukati me te whakapai ake i te rere o te wai.
● Ngā Ngongo Mīhini: I roto i te ahumahi me te ahuwhenua, ka whakaratohia e ēnei paipa he otinga pakari, he utu-whai hua hoki mō ngā wāhanga.
● Moana me te Tai Moana: Mō ngā taiao uaua, ka whakamahia ēnei i roto i ngā paipa raro i te wai, i ngā papaaho tai moana, me te hanganga tauranga.
● Te Keri: Ka haria e rātou ngā rauemi me te paru i roto i ngā mahi keri uaua nā te mea he pakari te hanganga.
● Tuku Wai: He mea tino pai mō ngā paipa whānui i roto i ngā pūnaha wai, e kawe pai ana i ngā rahinga wai nui.
● Ngā Pūnaha Pūnaha Ā-Wharewha: E whakamahia ana i roto i ngā kaupapa pūngao ā-whenua, ka whakahaerehia e rātou te whakawhiti wai ātete wera i waenga i ngā puna wai me ngā tipu hiko.
Nā te maha o ngā whakamahinga o ngā paipa rino porowhita, me tōna kaha, tōna pakari, me tōna ngāwari ki te urutau, he mea nui ēnei hei whakamahi puta noa i te whānuitanga o ngā ahumahi me ngā tono.
Te Tākai me te Tukunga
Te tākai:
Ko te tukanga tākai mō ngā paipa rino porowhita he maha ngā mahi matua hei whakarite kia tiakina pai ngā paipa i te wā e kawe ana, e penapena ana hoki:
● Te Herenga Paipa: He maha ngā wā ka herea ngātahitia ngā paipa rino porowhita mā te whakamahi i ngā whitiki, i ngā here rino, i ētahi atu tikanga here mau. Mā te herenga ka ārai i te neke, te neke rānei o ngā paipa takitahi i roto i te takai.
● Te Parenga o te Pito Paipa: Ka whakatakotoria ngā taupoki kirihou, ngā taupoki tiaki rānei ki ngā pito e rua o ngā paipa hei ārai i te kino o ngā pito paipa me te mata o roto.
● Āraiwai: Ka takaihia ngā paipa ki ngā rauemi ā-wai, pērā i ngā pepa kirihou, hei tiaki i a rātou mai i te makuku i te wā e kawe ana, inā koa mō ngā kaipuke o waho, o te moana rānei.
● Whakakī: Tērā pea ka tāpirihia ētahi atu rauemi whakakī, pērā i ngā whakaurunga pahuka, ngā rauemi urunga rānei, ki waenganui i ngā paipa, ki ngā wāhi ngoikore rānei hei mimiti i ngā ru me ngā wiri.
● Tapanga: Kei ia paihere ngā kōrero nui e pā ana ki ngā tapanga, tae atu ki ngā whakatakotoranga o ngā paipa, ngā rahinga, te rahinga, me te ūnga. Mā tēnei ka māmā ake te tautuhi me te whakahaere.
Tukunga:
● Me āta whakamahere te tuku paipa rino porowhita kia haumaru ai, kia whai hua ai hoki te kawe:
● Aratau Kawe: Ko te whiriwhiri i te momo kawe (rori, tereina, moana, rererangi rānei) ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te tawhiti, te tere o te haere, me te urunga atu ki te ūnga.
● Te Whakatakotoranga Ipu: Ka taea te uta i ngā paipa ki roto i ngā ipu tuku paerewa, i ngā ipu whata papatahi motuhake rānei. Mā te whakaurunga ipu ka tiakina ngā paipa mai i ngā āhuatanga o waho, ā, ka whakaratohia he taiao whakahaere.
● Te Whakamau: Ka whakamauhia ngā paipa ki roto i ngā ipu mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakamau tika, pērā i te tautoko, te aukati, me te here. Mā tēnei ka ārai i te nekehanga, ka whakaiti hoki i te tūponotanga o te kino i te wā e kawe ana.
● Ngā tuhinga: Ka whakaritea ngā tuhinga tika, tae atu ki ngā nama, ngā rārangi tākai, me ngā whakaaturanga tuku, mō ngā take whakawātea tikanga me te aroturuki.
● Inihuara: He maha ngā wā ka whiwhi inihua utanga hei utu i ngā mate, i ngā kino rānei i te wā e kawe ana.
● Te Aroturuki: I roto i te tukanga tuku kaipuke, ka taea te whai i ngā paipa mā te whakamahi i te GPS me ngā pūnaha aroturuki kia tika ai te huarahi me te wā tika.
● Whakawātea Taake: Ka whakaratohia ngā tuhinga tika hei whakahaere i te whakawātea taake i te tauranga ūnga, i te rohe rānei.
Whakatau:
He mea nui te tākai tika me te tuku i ngā paipa rino porowhita hei pupuri i te kounga me te pono o ngā paipa i te wā e kawe ana. Mā te whai i ngā tikanga pai o te ahumahi ka taea te whakarite kia tae atu ngā paipa ki tō rātou ūnga i roto i te āhua pai rawa atu, kia rite ai mō te tāutanga, mō te tukatuka atu rānei.














