Te Kaupapa o ngā Rauemi Paninga
He mea nui te paninga i te mata o waho o ngā paipa rino hei ārai i te waikura. Ka pā kino te waikura ki te mata o ngā paipa rino ki te mahi, te kounga, me te āhua o te tirohanga. Nō reira, he nui te pānga o te tukanga paninga ki te kounga whānui o ngā hua paipa rino.
-
Ngā Whakaritenga mō ngā Rauemi Paninga
E ai ki ngā paerewa i whakatakotoria e te American Petroleum Institute, me ātete ngā paipa rino ki te waikura mō te toru marama pea te iti rawa. Heoi, kua piki ake te hiahia mō ngā wā roa ake hei ārai i te waikura, ā, he maha ngā kaiwhakamahi e hiahia ana kia ātete mō te 3 ki te 6 marama i roto i ngā āhuatanga rokiroki o waho. Haunga te whakaritenga mō te roa o te wā, e tumanako ana ngā kaiwhakamahi kia mau tonu te mata maeneene o ngā paninga, kia ōrite te tohatoha o ngā rongoā ārai-waikura me te kore he pekepeke, he maturuturu rānei ka pā ki te kounga tirohanga.
-
Ngā Momo Rauemi Paninga me ō rātou Painga me ō rātou Huakore
I roto i ngā whatunga paipa o raro whenua o ngā tāone,ngā paipa maitaikei te piki haere te whakamahinga mō te kawe i te hau, te hinu, te wai, me ētahi atu. Kua whanake ngā paninga mō ēnei paipa mai i ngā rauemi uku tuku iho ki ngā rauemi kapia polyethylene me te kapia epoxy. I tīmata te whakamahinga o ngā paninga kapia polyethylene i te tekau tau atu i 1980, ā, me ngā whakamahinga rerekē, kua kitehia ngā whakapainga haere o ngā wāhanga me ngā tukanga paninga.
3.1 Paninga Uku Hinu
Ko te paninga uku hinu, he paparanga ārai-waikura tuku iho, he mea hanga mai i ngā paparanga uku hinu, he mea whakapakari ki te kakahu muka karāhe me te kiriata polyvinyl chloride tiaki o waho. He pai te ārai-wai, he pai te piri ki ngā mata maha, ā, he iti te utu. Heoi, he ngoikoretanga anō hoki, tae atu ki te ngāwari ki ngā huringa pāmahana, te pakarukaru i ngā pāmahana iti, me te ngāwari ki te koroheke me te ngatata, inā koa i roto i ngā oneone toka, e hiahiatia ana he mahi tiaki tāpiri me te pikinga o ngā utu.
3.2 Paninga Epoxy Tā Waro
Ko te epoxy tāra waro, i hangaia mai i te kapia epoxy me te uku tāra waro, he ātete pai ki te wai me te matū, ki te waikura, ki te piri pai, ki te kaha miihini, me ngā āhuatanga whakamarumaru. Heoi, me roa ake te wā whakamaroke i muri i te paninga, ka ngawari ki ngā pānga kino mai i ngā āhuatanga o te rangi i tēnei wā. Heoi anō, me penapena motuhake ngā wāhanga rerekē e whakamahia ana i roto i tēnei pūnaha paninga, ka piki ake te utu.
3.3 Paninga Paura Epoxy
Ko te paninga paura epoxy, i whakaurua mai i te tekau tau atu i 1960, ko te rehu hikohiko i te paura ki runga i ngā mata paipa kua oti te tukatuka me te whakamahana, ka hanga he paparanga ārai-waikura matotoru. Ko ōna painga ko te whānuitanga o te pāmahana (-60°C ki te 100°C), te piri kaha, te ātete pai ki te wetewete cathodic, te pānga, te ngāwari, me te kino o te whakarewa. Heoi, nā te mea he angiangi ake te kiriata ka ngawari ki te pakaru, ā, me whai tikanga whakaputa me ngā taputapu matatau, ka puta he wero i te tono mara. Ahakoa he pai rawa atu i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha, he iti iho i te polyethylene te ātete wera me te tiaki waikura whānui.
3.4 Paninga Ārai-waikura Polyethylene
He tino pai te ātete ki ngā pānga me te pakeke, me te whānuitanga o te pāmahana hoki o te polyethylene. He nui te whakamahinga i ngā rohe makariri pēnei i a Rūhia me Ūropi ki te Hauāuru mō ngā paipa nā te mea he tino ngāwari me te ātete ki ngā pānga, inā koa i ngā pāmahana iti. Heoi, kei te mau tonu ngā wero i roto i tana whakamahinga ki ngā paipa whānui, ka puta pea he pakaru ahotea, ā, ka taea e te urunga mai o te wai te arahi ki te waikura i raro i te paninga, me nui ake te rangahau me te whakapai ake i ngā rauemi me ngā tikanga tono.
3.5 Paninga Ārai-waikura Taumaha
He nui ake te ātete o ngā paninga taumaha ārai-waikura ki te paninga paerewa. He roa te whai huatanga o ēnei paninga ahakoa i roto i ngā āhuatanga kino, neke atu i te 10 ki te 15 tau te roa o te ora i roto i ngā taiao matū, moana, me te whakarewa, ā, neke atu i te 5 tau i roto i ngā āhuatanga waikawa, kawakore, tote rānei. Ko te matotoru o ēnei paninga he kiriata maroke mai i te 200μm ki te 2000μm, e whakarite ana i te tiakitanga me te roa o te ora. He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā hanganga moana, ngā taputapu matū, ngā tāke rokiroki, me ngā paipa.
-
Ngā Take Noa mō ngā Rauemi Paninga
Ko ētahi o ngā raruraru noa o ngā paninga ko te paninga koretake, te maturuturu o ngā rongoā ārai-waikura, me te hanganga o ngā mirumiru.
(1) Paninga kore taurite: Ko te kore taurite o te tohatoha o ngā matū ārai-waikura ki runga i te mata o te paipa ka hua ake he matotoru rawa te paninga, ka hua ake he moumou moni, ko ngā wāhi angiangi, kāore rānei i pania ka whakaiti i te kaha o te paipa ki te ārai-waikura.
(2) Te maturuturunga iho o ngā matū ārai-waikura: Ko tēnei āhuatanga, ina totoka ngā matū ārai-waikura, he rite ki ngā pata iti i runga i te mata o te paipa, ka pā ki te āhua ataahua, engari kāore e pā tika ki te ātete ki te waikura.
(3) Te hanganga o ngā mirumiru: Ka puta he mirumiru i te mata o te paipa mēnā ka mau te hau i roto i te rongoā ārai-waikura i te wā e pania ana, ā, ka pā ki te āhua me te whai huatanga o te paninga.
-
Te Tātari i ngā Take Kounga Paninga
He maha ngā take e puta ai ia raruraru, ā, he maha ngā āhuatanga e puta ai; ā, ko te paihere paipa rino e kitea ana i te kounga o te raruraru, he huinga pea o ētahi. Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā take o te paninga kore taurite ki ngā momo e rua, ko te tuatahi ko te āhua kore taurite i puta mai i te rehu i muri i te urunga o te paipa rino ki roto i te pouaka paninga; ko te tuarua ko te āhua kore taurite i puta mai i te kore rehu.
Ko te take o te āhuatanga tuatahi he māmā noa te kite, ki te taputapu paninga ina hurihia te paipa maitai ki roto i te pouaka paninga i roto i te 360° huri noa i te katoa o ngā pū e 6 (12 ngā pū kei roto i te raina anga) hei rehu. Mena he rerekē te rahi o te rere o ia pū, ka arahi ki te tohatoha kore taurite o te kaihoko ārai waikura ki ngā mata rerekē o te paipa maitai.
Ko te take tuarua, he maha atu anō ngā take mō te āhua paninga kore taurite i tua atu i te taunga rehu. He maha ngā momo āhuatanga, pērā i te waikura o ngā paipa rino, te taratara, ā, he uaua ki te tohatoha ōrite i te paninga; he ine pēhanga wai kei te mata o te paipa rino i te wā e puta ai te waikura, i tēnei wā mō te paninga nā te pānga ki te waikura, ā, he uaua ki te tāpiri i te matū tiaki ki te mata o te paipa rino, ā, kāore he paninga o ngā wāhanga o te paipa rino o te waikura, ā, kāore e ōrite te paninga o te paipa rino katoa.
(1) Te take o te maturuturunga o te matū ārai waikura. He porowhita te wāhanga whakawhiti o te paipa maitai, i ia wā ka rehuhia te matū ārai waikura ki te mata o te paipa maitai, ka rere te matū ārai waikura i te taha o runga me te taha ki te taha o raro nā te tauwehenga o te kaha ā-papa, ka puta ai te āhuatanga o te maturuturunga tautau. Ko te mea pai, kei roto i te raina whakaputa paninga o te wheketere paipa maitai ngā taputapu oumu, ka taea te whakamahana me te whakapakeke i te matū ārai waikura i rehuhia ki te mata o te paipa maitai i te wā tika, ā, ka whakaiti i te rere o te matū ārai waikura. Heoi, ki te kore e teitei te matotoru o te matū ārai waikura; kāore he whakamahana i te wā tika i muri i te rehu; kāore rānei i te teitei te pāmahana whakamahana; kāore te pūwero i te pai te mahi, me ētahi atu, ka arahi ki te maturuturunga o te matū ārai waikura.
(2) Ngā take o te hukapapa ārai-waikura. Nā te taiao mahi o te haumākū o te hau, he nui rawa te horapa o te peita, ka puta he mirumiru i te pāmahana o te tukanga horapa. Mēnā he iti te pāmahana, ka rehuhia ngā mea tiaki mai i te haumākū ki roto i ngā pata ririki, ka heke te pāmahana. I muri i te hekenga o te pāmahana, ka whakapūpū te wai o te hau, ka hanga he pata wai pai, ka konatunatua ki te mea tiaki, ā, ka uru ki roto i te paninga, ka puta he mirumiru paninga.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-15-2023