He whakarāpopototanga o ngā kaupapa matua o te maimoatanga wera!

Ko te maimoatanga wera e pā ana ki tētahi tukanga wera e whakamahanatia ai, e puritia ai, e whakamataotia ai hoki te rauemi mā te whakamahana i roto i te āhua totoka kia whiwhi ai i te whakaritenga me ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana.

I. Te Maimoatanga Wera

1, Te Whakaōrite: Ko te whakarewa, ko ngā wahi maitai rānei, ka werahia ki te pūwāhi matua o te AC3, o te ACM rānei i runga ake i te pāmahana e tika ana, kia mau tonu ai te whakamatao i te hau mō tētahi wā, kia rite ai te momo whakahaere o te tukanga maimoatanga wera ki te pearlitic.

2, Whakamahana: Ko te wahi mahi maitai eutectic ka wera ki te AC3 i runga ake i te 20-40 nga nekehanga, i muri i te pupuri mo tetahi wa, ka whakamatao haere i te oumu (ka tanumia ranei ki te onepu, ki te raima ranei) ki te 500 nga nekehanga i raro iho i te whakamatao i roto i te tukanga maimoatanga wera hau.

3, Maimoatanga wera otinga totoka: ka whakamahanahia te koranu ki te rohe pāmahana kotahi-wāhanga teitei o te pāmahana pumau kia mau tonu, kia memeha katoa te wāhanga taikaha ki roto i te otinga totoka, kātahi ka whakamatao wawe kia whiwhi ai i te tukanga maimoatanga wera otinga totoka tino mātotoru.

4, Te koroheketanga: I muri i te maimoatanga wera o te otinga totoka, i te whakarerekētanga kirihou matao rānei o te koranu, ina whakanohoia ki te pāmahana rūma, ki te pupuri rānei i te pāmahana teitei ake i te pāmahana rūma, ka huri te āhuatanga o ōna āhuatanga i te wā.

5, Maimoatanga otinga totoka: kia rewa katoa te koranu i roto i ngā momo wāhanga, kia whakapakari i te otinga totoka, kia whakapai ake i te pakari me te ātete ki te waikura, kia whakakorea te ahotea me te whakangawari, kia haere tonu ai te tukatuka i te hanga.

6, Maimoatanga koroheketanga: te whakamahana me te pupuri i te pāmahana o te rerenga o te wāhanga whakapakari, kia puta ai te rerenga o te wāhanga whakapakari, kia whakapakeketia, kia pai ake ai te kaha.

7, Te Whakaiti: te whakamātao i te maitai i muri i te whakamatao i te tere whakamatao tika, kia kore ai e pakaru te hanganga whakahaere o te mea mahi i roto i te wāhanga whakawhiti o tetahi whānuitanga, o tetahi whānuitanga rānei, pērā i te whakawhiti martensite o te tukanga maimoatanga wera.

8, Tempering: ka whakamahanahia te mahi kua tineia ki te pūwāhi matua o AC1 i raro i te pāmahana e tika ana mō tētahi wā, kātahi ka whakamataohia kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga o te tikanga, kia whiwhi ai i te whakaritenga me ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana o te tukanga maimoatanga wera.

9, Te whakapūtanga waro maitai: ko te whakapūtanga waro ko te whakaurunga o te waro me te hauota ki te paparanga mata o te maitai i te wa ano ka uru te waro me te hauota. Ko te whakapūtanga waro tikanga e mōhiotia ana ko te cyanide, ko te whakapūtanga waro hau pāmahana waenga me te whakapūtanga waro hau pāmahana iti (arā, te whakapūtanga nitrocarburizing hau) he mea whānui ake te whakamahinga. Ko te kaupapa matua o te whakapūtanga waro hau pāmahana waenga ko te whakapai ake i te pakeke, te ātete ki te kakahu me te kaha ngenge o te maitai. Ko te whakapūtanga waro hau pāmahana iti ki te whakapūtanga nitriding, ko tōna kaupapa matua ko te whakapai ake i te ātete kakahu o te maitai me te ātete ki te ngau.

10, Maimoatanga whakamahana (whakamātao me te whakamahana): Ko te tikanga whānui ka whakamahanahia, ka whakamahanahia hoki i ngā pāmahana teitei me te maimoatanga wera e mōhiotia ana ko te maimoatanga whakamahana. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te maimoatanga whakamahana i roto i ngā momo wāhanga hanganga nui, inā koa ko ērā e mahi ana i raro i ngā kawenga tauutuutu o ngā tokotoko hono, ngā pūtu, ngā taputapu me ngā pou. I muri i te maimoatanga whakamahana, ka whakamahanahia kia pai ake te whakaritenga sohnite whakamahana, he pai ake ōna āhuatanga miihini i te pakeke ōrite o te whakaritenga sohnite kua whakaritea. Ko tōna pakeke e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pāmahana whakamahana pāmahana teitei me te pumau o te whakamahana maitai me te rahi o te wāhanga mahi, i waenga i te HB200-350.

11, Whakarewa: Ka whakamahia ngā momo mahi whakarewa e rua hei whakamahana i ngā rauemi whakarewa, ā, ka honoa ngātahitia te tukanga maimoatanga wera.

II.Tngā āhuatanga o te tukanga

Ko te whakamahana whakarewa tētahi o ngā tukanga nui o te hanga miihini, ki te whakaritea ki ētahi atu tukanga miihini, ko te whakamahana wera te tikanga kāore e whakarerekē i te āhua o te mea mahi me te hanganga matū whānui, engari mā te whakarerekē i te hanganga moroiti o roto o te mea mahi, te whakarerekē rānei i te hanganga matū o te mata o te mea mahi, hei hoatu, hei whakapai ake rānei i te whakamahinga o ngā āhuatanga o te mea mahi. Ko tōna āhuatanga he whakapai ake i te kounga o roto o te mea mahi, e kore e kitea e te kanohi tahanga. Hei hanga i te mea mahi whakarewa me ngā āhuatanga miihini, ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ngā āhuatanga matū e hiahiatia ana, hei tāpiri atu ki te kōwhiringa rauemi whaitake me te whānuitanga o ngā tukanga hanga, he mea nui te tukanga whakamahana wera. Ko te rino te rauemi e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te umanga miihini, he matatini te hanganga moroiti o te rino, ka taea te whakahaere mā te whakamahana wera, nō reira ko te whakamahana wera o te rino te ihirangi matua o te whakamahana whakarewa. Hei tāpiri, ka taea hoki te whakamahana i te konumohe, te parahi, te konupora, te titanium me ētahi atu koranu hei whakarerekē i ōna āhuatanga miihini, ā-tinana me te matū, kia whiwhi ai i ngā mahi rerekē.

III.Tte tukanga

Ko te tukanga whakamahana e whakauru ana i ngā tukanga e toru mō te whakamahana, te pupuri, me te whakamatao, ā, i ētahi wā ko ngā tukanga e rua anake mō te whakamahana me te whakamatao. He hononga ēnei tukanga, ā, kāore e taea te whakakore.

Ko te whakamahana tētahi o ngā tukanga nui o te whakamahana. He maha ngā tikanga whakamahana mō te whakamahana whakarewa, ko te mea tuatahi ko te whakamahi i te waro me te waro hei pūtake wera, ā, nō nā tata nei ko te whakamahinga o ngā wahie wai me te hau. Mā te whakamahinga hiko ka māmā ake te whakahaere i te whakamahana, ā, kāore he parahanga taiao. Ka taea te whakamahana tika i ēnei pūtake wera, engari mā te tote rewa, te konganuku rānei, hei whakamahana i ngā matūriki e rere ana hei whakamahana ā-kore.

I te whakamahana whakarewa, ka pāngia te mea mahi e te hau, ka puta te waikura, ka tangohia te waro (arā, ka whakaitihia te ihirangi waro o te mata o ngā wāhanga maitai), ka pā kino tēnei ki ngā āhuatanga o te mata o ngā wāhanga kua whakamahanatia. Nō reira, me noho te whakarewa ki roto i te hau whakahaere, i te hau tiaki rānei, me whakamahana te tote rewa me te korehau, engari kei te wātea hoki ngā paninga, ngā tikanga tākai rānei mō te whakamahana tiaki.

Ko te pāmahana whakamahana tētahi o ngā tawhā nui o te tukanga maimoatanga wera, ko te whiriwhiri me te whakahaere i te pāmahana whakamahana, kia pai ai te kounga o te maimoatanga wera. Ka rerekē te pāmahana whakamahana i runga i te rauemi whakarewa e tukatukahia ana me te kaupapa o te maimoatanga wera, engari ko te tikanga ka werahia ki runga ake i te pāmahana whakawhiti wāhanga kia whiwhi ai i te whakaritenga pāmahana teitei. Hei tāpiri, me whai wā te whakawhiti, nō reira, ina tutuki te mata o te mea whakarewa i te pāmahana whakamahana e hiahiatia ana, me pupuri tonu i tēnei pāmahana mō tētahi wā, kia rite ai ngā pāmahana o roto, o waho hoki, kia oti ai te whakawhiti hanganga moroiti, e mōhiotia ana ko te wā pupuri. Mā te whakamahi i te whakamahana kiato pūngao teitei me te maimoatanga wera mata, he tino tere te tere whakamahana, kāore he wā pupuri, ko te tikanga he roa ake te wā pupuri i te maimoatanga wera matū.

He taahiraa nui anō hoki te whakamatao i roto i te tukanga whakamahana, nā ngā tikanga whakamatao rerekē, ko te nuinga hei whakahaere i te tere whakamatao. Ko te tere whakamatao whānui o te whakamahana te mea tino puhoi, he tere ake te tere whakamatao i te whakataurite, he tere ake te tere whakamatao i te tinei. Engari nā te mea he rerekē ngā momo maitai me ngā whakaritenga rerekē, pērā i te maitai whakapakeke-hau ka taea te tinei me te tere whakamatao rite ki te whakataurite.

IV.Pwhakarōpūtanga tukanga

Ka taea te wehewehe i te tukanga maimoatanga wera whakarewa ki ngā wāhanga e toru o te maimoatanga wera, te maimoatanga wera mata, me te maimoatanga wera matū. E ai ki te momo wera, te pāmahana wera, me te tikanga whakamatao, ka taea te wehewehe i ia wāhanga ki ngā momo tukanga maimoatanga wera rerekē. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tukanga maimoatanga wera rerekē, ka taea te hanga i ngā momo whakahaere rerekē, ā, ka rerekē ngā āhuatanga. Ko te rino me te maitai te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te ahumahi, ā, ko te hanganga iti o te maitai te mea tino uaua, nō reira he maha ngā momo tukanga maimoatanga wera maitai.

Ko te whakamahana whānui ko te whakamahana whānui o te mea mahi, kātahi ka whakamatao i te tere e tika ana, kia whiwhi ai i te whakaritenga whakarewa e hiahiatia ana, kia taea ai te whakarerekē i ōna āhuatanga miihini whānui o te tukanga whakamahana whakarewa. Ko te whakamahana whānui o te maitai ko te whakamahana, te whakataurite, te tinei me te whakamahana i ngā tukanga matua e whā.

Ko te tikanga o te tukanga:

Ko te whakamahana i te rauemi mahi he mea wera ki te pāmahana e tika ana, kia rite ki te rauemi me te rahi o te rauemi mahi ma te whakamahi i ngā wā pupuri rerekē, kātahi ka whakamatao mārire. Ko te whāinga he whakarite i roto i te konganuku kia tutuki ai, kia tata rānei ki te āhua taurite, kia pai ai te mahi me te mahi a te tukanga, kia pai ai te whakarite, kia tinei ai rānei.

Ko te whakaōrite i te pāmahana e tika ana i muri i te whakamatao i te hau, ko te pānga o te whakaōrite he rite ki te whakamahana, engari ka pai ake te whakaritenga, ka whakamahia hei whakapai ake i te mahi tapahi o te rauemi, engari i ētahi wā ka whakamahia hoki mō ētahi o ngā wāhanga iti ake te uaua hei maimoatanga wera whakamutunga.

Ko te tineitanga he whakamahana me te whakamahana i te mea mahi, ki roto i te wai, i te hinu, i ētahi atu tote kore-waro rānei, i ngā otinga wai waro me ētahi atu mea tineitanga hei whakamatao tere. I muri i te tineitanga, ka mārō ngā wāhanga maitai, engari i te wā kotahi ka pakarukaru, kia tere ai te whakakore i te pakarukaru, me whakamahana i te wā tika.

Hei whakaiti i te pakarukaru o ngā wāhanga maitai, ka tineia ngā wāhanga maitai ki te pāmahana e tika ana, he teitei ake i te pāmahana rūma, he iti iho i te 650 ℃, kia roa ai te wā e whakamataohia ai, kātahi ka whakamataohia, ka kiia tēnei tukanga he whakamahana. Ko te whakamahana, te whakataurite, te whakamahana, ko te whakamahana te maimoatanga wera whānui i roto i ngā "ahi e whā", ā, he tata te hononga o te whakamahana me te whakamahana, he maha ngā wā e whakamahia tahitia ana tetahi ki tetahi, he mea nui tetahi. Ko te "ahi e whā" me te pāmahana whakamahana me te aratau whakamatao he rerekē, ā, i whakawhanakehia he tukanga maimoatanga wera rerekē. Hei whiwhi i tētahi taumata kaha me te pakari, ka whakakotahihia te whakamahana me te whakamahana i ngā pāmahana teitei me te tukanga, e mōhiotia ana ko te whakamahana. I muri i te tineia o ētahi koranu hei hanga i tētahi otinga totoka tino mātotoru, ka puritia ki te pāmahana rūma, ki tētahi pāmahana teitei ake rānei e tika ana mō te wā roa hei whakapai ake i te pakeke, te kaha, te aukume hiko rānei o te koranu. Ka kiia tēnei tukanga maimoatanga wera he maimoatanga koroheketanga.

Mā te tukatuka pēhanga me te maimoatanga wera ka taea te whakakotahi pai, kia tino kaha, kia pakari hoki te rauemi mahi, me te tikanga e mōhiotia ana ko te maimoatanga wera whakarerekētanga; i roto i te hau pēhanga kino, i te korehau rānei, ka whakamahia te maimoatanga wera korehau hei maimoatanga wera, ka kore e waikura te rauemi mahi, ka taea te tango i te warowaihā, te pupuri i te mata o te rauemi mahi i muri i te maimoatanga, me te whakapai ake i te mahi a te rauemi mahi, me te whakamahi anō hoki i te kaihoko osmotic hei maimoatanga wera matū.

Ko te whakamahana mata he whakamahana noa i te paparanga mata o te mea mahi hei whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga hangarau o te paparanga mata o te tukanga whakamahana whakarewa. Hei whakamahana noa i te paparanga mata o te mea mahi me te kore e nui te whakawhiti wera ki roto i te mea mahi, me nui te kaha o te pūtake wera, arā, i roto i te rohe kotahi o te mea mahi hei whakaputa i te kaha wera nui ake, kia taea ai e te paparanga mata o te mea mahi, o te mea rānei te noho i roto i te wā poto, i te wā tere rānei, kia eke ki ngā pāmahana teitei. Ko ngā tikanga matua o te whakamahana mata ko te tinei mura me te whakamahana whakapūmau, ko ngā pūtake wera e whakamahia whānuitia ana pērā i te mura oxyacetylene, oxypropane rānei, te ia whakapūmau, te taiaho me te hihi irahiko.

Ko te maimoatanga wera matū he tukanga maimoatanga wera whakarewa mā te whakarerekē i te hanganga matū, te whakaritenga me ngā āhuatanga o te paparanga mata o te mea mahi. He rerekē te maimoatanga wera matū i te maimoatanga wera mata nā te mea ka whakarerekē te tuatahi i te hanganga matū o te paparanga mata o te mea mahi. Ka whakatakotoria te maimoatanga wera matū ki runga i te mea mahi kei roto ko te waro, te tote, ētahi atu huānga whakarewa rānei o te reo (hau, wai, totoka) ki roto i te whakamahana, te whakamahana mō te wā roa, kia uru ai te waro, te hauota, te boron me te chromium me ētahi atu huānga ki te paparanga mata o te mea mahi. I muri i te urunga o ngā huānga, me ētahi atu tukanga maimoatanga wera pēnei i te tinei me te whakamahana. Ko ngā tikanga matua o te maimoatanga wera matū ko te whakapūkara, te nitriding, te urunga whakarewa.

Ko te maimoatanga wera tētahi o ngā tukanga nui i roto i te tukanga hanga o ngā wāhanga mīhini me ngā pokepokea. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea e ia te whakarite me te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te mea mahi, pērā i te ātete ki te kakahu, te ātete ki te waikura. Ka taea hoki te whakapai ake i te whakaritenga o te āhua o te kore e pakaru me te ahotea, kia taea ai te whakahaere i ngā momo tukatuka makariri me te wera.

Hei tauira: i muri i te wā roa o te maimoatanga whakamahana, ka taea te hanga rino maka mā te whakarewa, ka whakapai ake i te kirihou; ka taea e ngā taputapu me te tukanga maimoatanga wera tika te roa o te ratonga o ngā taputapu tukatuka wera te roa ake, te maha rānei o ngā wā; hei tāpiri, ko te maitai waro iti te utu nā roto i te whakaurunga o ētahi huānga whakarewa he mahi maitai koranu utu nui, ka taea te whakakapi i ētahi maitai ātete wera, te maitai kowiri tira; tata katoa ngā pokepokea me ngā mate me haere ki te maimoatanga wera. Ka taea te whakamahi i muri i te maimoatanga wera anake.

Ngā tikanga tāpiri

I. Ngā momo whakamahana

Ko te whakamahana he tukanga maimoatanga wera e whakamahanahia ai te mea mahi ki te pāmahana e tika ana, e puritia ana mō tētahi wā, kātahi ka whakamatao mārire.

He maha ngā momo tukanga whakamahana maitai, e ai ki te pāmahana whakamahana ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā wāhanga e rua: ko tētahi kei te pāmahana whakahirahira (Ac1, Ac3 rānei) i runga ake i te whakamahana, e mōhiotia ana ko te whakamahana hurihanga ā-wāhanga, tae atu ki te whakamahana katoa, te whakamahana kāore i oti, te whakamahana porowhita me te whakamahana horapa (whakakotahitanga whakamahana), me ētahi atu; ko tētahi kei raro iho i te pāmahana whakahirahira o te whakamahana, tae atu ki te whakamahana whakamahana me te whakamahana whakaiti-ahotea. E ai ki te tikanga whakamatao, ka taea te wehewehe i te whakamahana ki te whakamahana isothermal me te whakamahana whakamatao tonu.

1, te whakamahana katoa me te whakamahana isothermal

Ko te whakamahana katoa, e mōhiotia ana ko te whakamahana anō i te tioata, e kiia ana ko te whakamahana, ko te whakamahana i te rino, te maitai rānei ki te Ac3 i runga ake i te 20 ~ 30 ℃, kia roa te whakamahana kia tino whakapūmautia te hanganga i muri i te whakamatao puhoi, kia tata ai te taurite o te tukanga maimoatanga wera. Ko tēnei whakamahana te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana mō te hanganga sub-eutectic o ngā momo whakarewa maitai waro me te koranu, ngā hanga me ngā kōtaha wera-hurihuri, ā, i ētahi wā ka whakamahia hoki mō ngā hanganga whakarewa. I te nuinga o te wā he maha ngā maimoatanga wera whakamutunga o ngā mahi mahi kāore i te taumaha, he maimoatanga wera-mua rānei o ētahi mahi mahi.

2, te whakamahana pōro

Ko te whakamahana porowhita te mea e whakamahia ana mō te maitai waro me te maitai taputapu koranu kua tino wera rawa (pērā i te hanga taputapu mata, ine, pokepokea me ngā mate e whakamahia ana i roto i te maitai). Ko tōna kaupapa matua he whakaiti i te pakeke, te whakapai ake i te kaha ki te miihini, me te whakarite mō te tinei a meake nei.

3, whakamahana i te ahotea

Ko te whakamahana i te ahotea, e mōhiotia ana ko te whakamahana pāmahana-iti (te whakamahana pāmahana-tiketike rānei), ko te nuinga o tēnei whakamahana e whakamahia ana hei whakakore i ngā whakarewanga, ngā hangahanga, ngā whakarewanga, ngā wāhanga hurihuri-wera, ngā wāhanga tōia-matao me ētahi atu ahotea toenga. Ki te kore ēnei ahotea e whakakorea, ka puta he rerekētanga, he pakaru rānei i muri i tētahi wā, i roto rānei i te tukanga tapahi i muri mai.

4. Ko te whakamahana kāore i oti ko te whakamahana i te maitai ki te Ac1 ~ Ac3 (te maitai sub-eutectic) ki te Ac1 ~ ACcm rānei (te maitai over-eutectic) i waenganui i te tiaki wera me te whakamatao puhoi kia tata taurite te whakaritenga o te tukanga maimoatanga wera.

II.I roto i te whakamātao, ko te wai tote, te wai me te hinu te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana.

Mā te wai tote e tinei te mahi, he māmā noa te hanga i te mārō me te mata maeneene, ehara i te mea ngāwari ki te tinei, engari he ngāwari ki te hanga i te āhua kino o te mahi, tae noa ki te pakaru. Ko te whakamahinga o te hinu hei reo tinei he mea tika anake mō te pumau o te austenite hauhautanga nui i roto i ētahi maitai koranu, i ētahi maitai waro iti rānei.

III.te kaupapa o te whakamahana maitai

1, whakaitihia te pakarukaru, whakakorea, whakaitihia rānei te ahotea ā-roto. He nui te ahotea ā-roto me te pakarukaru i te tineitanga maitai, pērā i te kore e whakatikatikaina i te wā tika ka huri te ahua o te maitai, ka pakaru rānei.

2, kia whiwhi ai i ngā āhuatanga hangarau e hiahiatia ana o te mahi, kia nui te pakeke me te pakarukaru o te mahi i muri i te tinei, kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga o ngā āhuatanga rerekē o ngā momo mahi, ka taea e koe te whakatika i te pakeke mā te whakamahana tika hei whakaiti i te pakarukaru o te uaua me te kirihou e hiahiatia ana.

3、Whakapūmautia te rahi o te mea mahi

4, he uaua ki te whakangawari i ētahi maitai koranu mō te whakamahana, i roto i te tinei (te whakataurite rānei) ka whakamahia i muri i te whakamahana pāmahana-tiketike, kia tika ai te whakakotahitanga o te maitai carbide, kia whakaitihia te pakeke, kia pai ai te tapahi me te tukatuka.

Ngā ariā tāpiri

1, whakamahana: e pā ana ki ngā rauemi whakarewa kua whakamahanahia ki te pāmahana e tika ana, kua puritia mō tētahi wā, kātahi ka whakamatao mārire i te tukanga maimoatanga wera. Ko ngā tukanga whakamahana noa ko: te whakamahana anō i te tioata, te whakamahana whakamāmā ahotea, te whakamahana porowhita, te whakamahana katoa, me ētahi atu. Ko te kaupapa o te whakamahana: ko te whakaiti i te pakeketanga o ngā rauemi whakarewa, te whakapai ake i te kirihou, kia pai ai te tapahi, te miihini pēhanga rānei, te whakaiti i ngā ahotea toenga, te whakapai ake i te whakaritenga me te hanganga o te whakakotahitanga, te whakamahi rānei i te maimoatanga wera whakamutunga kia rite ai te whakaritenga.

2, te whakataurite: e pā ana ki te wera o te maitai, te maitai rānei ki te pāmahana tino nui (te maitai i runga i te pūwāhi pāmahana matua) i runga ake i te 30 ~ 50 ℃ kia mau tonu ai te wā tika, ka whakamatao i roto i te tukanga maimoatanga wera hau marino. Ko te kaupapa o te whakataurite: ko te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga miihini o te maitai waro-iti, te whakapai ake i te tapahi me te miihini, te whakamahine i te witi, te whakakore i ngā hapa whakahaere, kia rite ai te whakahaere i muri i te maimoatanga wera.

3, te tinei: e pā ana ki te wera o te maitai ki te Ac3, ki te Ac1 rānei (te maitai i raro i te pāmahana matua) i runga ake i tētahi pāmahana, kia mau ki tētahi wā, kātahi ka tae ki te tere whakamatao e tika ana, kia whiwhi ai i te whakaritenga martensite (bainite rānei) o te tukanga maimoatanga wera. Ko ngā tukanga tinei noa ko te tinei reo-kotahi, te tinei reo-rua, te tinei martensite, te tinei isothermal bainite, te tinei mata me te tinei rohe. Ko te kaupapa o te tinei: kia whiwhi ai ngā wāhanga maitai i te whakaritenga martensitic e hiahiatia ana, kia pai ake ai te pakeke o te mahi, te kaha me te ātete ki te pakū, kia pai ai te whakarite i te maimoatanga wera whakamutunga mō te whakaritenga.

4, te whakamahana: e pā ana ki te whakapakeketanga o te maitai, kātahi ka whakamahanahia ki te pāmahana i raro iho i te Ac1, ka pupuri i te wā, kātahi ka whakamataohia ki te tukanga maimoatanga wera i te pāmahana rūma. Ko ngā tukanga whakamahana noa ko: te whakamahana pāmahana-iti, te whakamahana pāmahana-waenga, te whakamahana pāmahana-tiketike me te whakamahana maha.

Te kaupapa whakamahana: ko te whakakore i te ahotea i puta mai i te maitai i te wa e tinei ana, kia pakeke ai te maitai, kia ātete hoki ki te kakahu, kia rite hoki ki te kirihou me te pakari e hiahiatia ana.

5, te whakamahana: e pā ana ki te maitai, ki te maitai rānei e whakamahia ana mō te tinei me te whakamahana pāmahana teitei o te tukanga maimoatanga wera hiato. E whakamahia ana i roto i te maimoatanga whakamahana o te maitai e kiia ana ko te maitai whakamahana. Ko te tikanga e pā ana ki te maitai hanganga waro-waenga me te maitai hanganga koranu waro-waenga.

6, te whakakākahu: Ko te whakakākahu te tukanga e whakatōkia ai ngā ngota waro ki roto i te paparanga mata o te maitai. Hei hanga hoki i te paparanga mata o te maitai waro iti kia hangaia he maitai waro teitei, ā, i muri i te tinei me te whakamahana i te pāmahana iti, kia pakari ai te mata o te maitai waro iti, kia mau tonu ai te pakari me te ngāwari o te kakahu, ā, ko te wāhanga waenga o te maitai waro iti kei te mau tonu te pakari me te ngāwari o te maitai waro iti.

Tikanga korehau

Nā te mea e hiahiatia ana kia tekau mā rua, kia tekau rānei ngā mahi hei whakaoti i ngā mahi whakamahana me te whakamatao o ngā mea whakarewa. Ka mahia ēnei mahi i roto i te oumu whakamahana korehau, kāore e taea e te kaiwhakahaere te whakatata atu, nō reira me teitei ake te taumata o te aunoatanga o te oumu whakamahana korehau. I taua wā anō, ko ētahi mahi, pērā i te whakamahana me te pupuri i te pito o te tukanga tinei mea whakarewa, me ono, whitu ngā mahi, ā, me whakaoti i roto i te 15 hēkona. Mēnā he tere te mahi, he ngāwari te whakararuraru i te kaiwhakahaere, ā, ka hē te mahi. Nō reira, ko te taumata teitei o te aunoatanga anake ka taea te whakarite tika, te whakarite wā tika i runga anō i te kaupapa.

Ko te whakamahana korehau o ngā wāhanga whakarewa e mahia ana i roto i te oumu korehau kua kati, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana te hiri korehau tino pakari. Nō reira, kia whiwhi ai, kia piri ai ki te tere turuturu hau taketake o te oumu, kia whakarite kia pai te mahi a te korehau o te oumu korehau, kia whakarite hoki i te kounga o ngā wāhanga o te whakamahana korehau he mea tino nui. Nō reira, ko te take matua o te oumu whakamahana korehau ko te whai i tētahi hanganga hiri korehau pono. Hei whakarite i te mahi korehau o te oumu korehau, me whai te hoahoa hanganga oumu whakamahana korehau i tētahi mātāpono taketake, arā, me whakamahi te tinana oumu i te whakarewa hau-piri, ko te tinana oumu he iti rawa te whakatuwheratanga, te kore rānei e whakatuwhera i te kōhao, me whakaiti, me karo rānei i te whakamahinga o te hanganga hiri hihiri, kia whakaitihia ai te tūponotanga o te turuturu korehau. Me hoahoa hoki ngā wāhanga o te tinana oumu korehau, ngā taputapu, pērā i ngā irahiko whakamatao-wai, me te taputapu kaweake thermocouple kua tāutahia ki roto i te tinana korehau hei hiri i te hanganga.

Ko te nuinga o ngā rauemi whakamahana me te whakamarumaru ka taea anake te whakamahi i raro i te korehau. Ko te whakamahana me te whakamarumaru wera o te oumu maimoatanga wera korehau kei roto i te mahi korehau me te pāmahana teitei, nō reira ka whakaatuhia e ēnei rauemi te ātete pāmahana teitei, ngā hua hihi, te kawe wera me ētahi atu whakaritenga. Kāore i te teitei ngā whakaritenga mō te ātete waikura. Nō reira, he whānuitia te whakamahi i te tantalum, te tungsten, te molybdenum me te graphite i roto i te oumu maimoatanga wera korehau mō ngā rauemi whakamahana me te whakamarumaru wera. He tino ngāwari te waikura o ēnei rauemi i roto i te āhua hau, nō reira, kāore e taea e te oumu maimoatanga wera noa te whakamahi i ēnei rauemi whakamahana me te whakamarumaru.

Pūrere whakamatao-wai: ko te anga oumu whakamahana korehau, te taupoki oumu, ngā wāhanga whakamahana hiko, ngā irahiko whakamatao-wai, te tatau whakamahana korehau waenga me ētahi atu wāhanga, kei roto i te korehau, kei raro i te āhua mahi whakamahana. Mēnā kei raro i ēnei āhuatanga tino kino, me whakarite kia kore te hanganga o ia wāhanga e rerekē, e pakaru rānei, ā, kia kore hoki te hiri korehau e wera rawa, e wera rānei. Nō reira, me whakarite ia wāhanga kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē, kia taea ai e te oumu whakamahana korehau te mahi tika, kia roa ai te wā e whakamahia ana.

Te whakamahinga o te iti-ngaohiko teitei: te ipu korehau, ina he iti noa te taumata o te korehau o te ipu korehau i te whānuitanga lxlo-1 torr, ka puta he āhuatanga tukunga kanapa i roto i te ipu korehau o te kawe hiko i roto i te ngaohiko teitei ake. I roto i te oumu maimoatanga wera korehau, ka tahuna e te tukunga pewa nui te huānga whakamahana hiko, te paparanga whakamarumaru, ka puta he aituā me he mate nui. Nō reira, ko te ngaohiko mahi o te huānga whakamahana hiko o te oumu maimoatanga wera korehau kāore e neke ake i te 80 ki te 100 volts. I te wa ano i roto i te hoahoa hanganga huānga whakamahana hiko me mahi i nga mahi whai hua, penei i te ngana ki te karo i te pito o nga waahanga, kaua e iti rawa te mokowā i waenga i nga irahiko, kia kore ai e puta he tukunga kanapa, he tukunga pewa rānei.

Te whakamahana

E ai ki ngā whakaritenga mahi rerekē o te mea mahi, e ai ki ōna pāmahana whakapakeke rerekē, ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā momo whakapakeke e whai ake nei:

(a) te whakamahana i te pāmahana iti (150-250 nekehanga)

Ko te whakamahana pāmahana iti o te whakaritenga hua mō te martensite whakamahana. Ko tōna kaupapa he pupuri i te pakeketanga teitei me te ātete kakahu teitei o te maitai kua tineihia i raro i te kaupapa o te whakaiti i tōna ahotea ā-roto me te pakarukaru o te tineitanga, kia kore ai e pakaru, e pakaru wawe rānei i te wā e whakamahia ana. Ko te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana mō ngā momo taputapu tapahi waro-nui, ngā ine, ngā mate kumea matao, ngā peera hurihuri me ngā wāhanga waro, me ētahi atu, i muri i te whakamahana ko te pakeketanga HRC58-64.

(ii) te whakamahana i te pāmahana waenga (250-500 nekehanga)

He whakaritenga whakamahana pāmahana waenga mō te tinana quartz whakamahana. Ko tōna kaupapa he whiwhi i te kaha whakaputa teitei, te rohenga ngāwari me te pakari teitei. Nō reira, e whakamahia ana mō ngā momo puna me te tukatuka pokepokea mahi wera, ko te pakeke whakamahana he HRC35-50 te nuinga.

(C) te whakamātao i te pāmahana teitei (500-650 nekehanga)

Ko te whakamātao pāmahana teitei o te whakaritenga mō te Sohnite whakamātao. Ko te tikanga o te tinei me te whakamātao pāmahana teitei ko te maimoatanga wera whakakotahi e mōhiotia ana ko te maimoatanga whakamātao, ko tōna kaupapa he whiwhi i te kaha, te pakeke me te kirihou, te pakari me te pai ake o ngā āhuatanga miihini whānui. Nō reira, he whānui te whakamahinga i roto i ngā motuka, ngā tarakihana, ngā taputapu mīhini me ētahi atu wāhanga hanganga nui, pērā i ngā tokotoko hono, ngā pūtu, ngā taputapu me ngā pou. Ko te pakeke i muri i te whakamātao ko te HB200-330.

Te ārai i te whakarerekētanga āhua

He uaua ngā take o te whakarerekētanga o te pokepokea ai matatini, engari me mātau noa tātou ki tōna ture whakarerekētanga, me tātari i ōna take, me te whakamahi i ngā tikanga rerekē hei ārai i te whakarerekētanga o te pokepokea ai, me te whakahaere anō hoki. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te ārai i te whakarerekētanga o te pokepokea ai matatini mā te whakamahana i ēnei tikanga e whai ake nei.

(1) Kōwhiringa rauemi whaitake. Me whiriwhiri ngā pokepokea matatini tino tika i ngā rauemi pokepokea maitai microdeform pai (pēnei i te maitai tineia hau), me wehewehe te carbide o te maitai pokepokea nui me te maimoatanga wera whaitake, ko te nui ake me te kore e taea te hanga i te maitai pokepokea ka taea te whakamahi i te otinga totoka me te maimoatanga wera rua.

(2) Me whaitake te hoahoa hanganga pokepokea ai, kaua e tino rerekē te matotoru, kia ōrite te āhua, kia taea ai e te pokepokea ai te whakarerekētanga o te āhua o te pokepokea ai te whakahaere i te ture whakarerekētanga, me whai wāhi tukatuka motuhake, ā, mō ngā pokepokea ai nui, tika, me te uaua, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te huinga o ngā hanganga.

(3) Me whakamahana i mua i ngā pokepokea tika me ngā pokepokea uaua kia kore ai e toe te ahotea i puta i te tukanga miihini.

(4) Kōwhiria te pāmahana whakamahana whaitake, te whakahaere i te tere whakamahana, mō ngā pokepokea matatini tika ka taea te whakamahi i te whakamahana puhoi, te whakamahana mua me ētahi atu tikanga whakamahana taurite hei whakaiti i te rerekētanga o te maimoatanga wera pokepokea.

(5) Hei whakarite i te pakeke o te pokepokea ai, ngana ki te whakamahi i te whakamatao-mua, te tinei whakamatao kua whakaritea, te tinei pāmahana rānei.

(6) Mō ngā pokepokea tika me ngā pokepokea uaua, i raro i ngā tikanga e āhei ai, ngana ki te whakamahi i te whakamahana korehau me te whakamatao hohonu i muri i te tinei.

(7) Mō ētahi pokepokea tika me te uaua, ka taea te whakamahi i te maimoatanga wera-mua, te maimoatanga wera tawhito, te whakamahana i te maimoatanga wera nitriding hei whakahaere i te tika o te pokepokea.

(8) I roto i te whakatikatika i ngā kōhao onepu pokepokea ai, te porosity, te kakahu me ētahi atu hapa, te whakamahi i te mīhini whakarewa makariri me ētahi atu pānga wera o ngā taputapu whakatikatika hei karo i te tukanga whakatikatika o te deformation.

Hei tāpiri, ko te whakahaere tika o te tukanga maimoatanga wera (pēnei i te mono i ngā kōhao, te here i ngā kōhao, te whakau miihini, ngā tikanga whakamahana e tika ana, te whiriwhiri tika i te ahunga whakamatao o te pokepokea ai me te ahunga nekehanga i roto i te reo whakamatao, me ētahi atu) me te tukanga maimoatanga wera whakatikatika tika hei whakaiti i te whakarerekētanga o te tika me te matatini o ngā pokepokea ai he mahi whai hua anō hoki.

Ko te whakamahana i te mata me te whakamahana i te whakamahana ka mahia mā te whakamahana arataki, te whakamahana mura rānei. Ko ngā tawhā hangarau matua ko te pakeke o te mata, te pakeke ā-rohe me te hohonu o te paparanga whakapakeke whai hua. Ka taea te whakamahi i te whakamātautau pakeke mā te whakamātautau pakeke Vickers, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell, Rockwell rānei. Ko te whiriwhiri i te kaha whakamātautau (tauine) e pā ana ki te hohonu o te paparanga whakapakeke whai hua me te pakeke o te mata o te mea mahi. E toru ngā momo whakamātautau pakeke e whakamahia ana i konei.

Tuatahi, he mea nui te whakamātautau pakeke Vickers mō te whakamātautau i te pakeke o te mata o ngā mahi kua werahia, ka taea te tīpako mai i te 0.5 ki te 100kg o te kaha whakamātautau, ka taea te whakamātautau i te paparanga pakeke mata he angiangi ki te 0.05mm te matotoru, ā, ko tōna tika te mea tino teitei, ā, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā rerekētanga iti o te pakeke o te mata o ngā mahi kua werahia. Hei tāpiri, me kitea hoki te hohonutanga o te paparanga pakeke whai hua e te whakamātautau pakeke Vickers, nō reira, mō te tukatuka maimoatanga wera mata, mō te maha rānei o ngā waeine e whakamahi ana i te mahi maimoatanga wera mata, me whai whakamātautau pakeke Vickers.

Tuarua, he tino pai hoki te whakamātautau pakeke o te mata Rockwell mō te whakamātautau i te pakeke o te rauemi mahi kua whakapakeketia, e toru ngā tauine o te whakamātautau pakeke o te mata Rockwell hei whiriwhiri māu. Ka taea te whakamātautau i te hohonutanga whakapakeketanga whai hua o ngā rauemi mahi whakapakeketanga mata neke atu i te 0.1mm. Ahakoa kāore te tika o te whakamātautau pakeke o te mata Rockwell i te teitei rite ki te whakamātautau pakeke Vickers, engari hei tikanga whakahaere kounga mō te tipu maimoatanga wera me te tirotiro matatau mō te kimi, kua taea te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga. Heoi anō, he ngāwari hoki te whakahaere, he ngāwari ki te whakamahi, he iti te utu, he tere te ine, ka taea te pānui tika i te uara pakeke me ētahi atu āhuatanga, ka taea te whakamahi i te whakamātautau pakeke o te mata Rockwell hei puranga rauemi mahi maimoatanga wera mata mō te whakamātautau tere me te kore e whakangaro. He mea nui tēnei mō te tukatuka whakarewa me te tipu hanga mīhini.

Tuatoru, ina matotoru ake te paparanga whakamaroke o te mata, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell. Ina he matotoru te paparanga whakamaroke o te 0.4 ~ 0.8mm, ka taea te whakamahi i te tauine HRA. Ina he matotoru te paparanga whakamaroke o te 0.8mm, ka taea te whakamahi i te tauine HRC.

E toru ngā momo uara pakeke o Vickers, Rockwell me Surface Rockwell, ka taea te huri tetahi ki tetahi, te huri ki te paerewa, ki ngā tuhi, ki te uara pakeke rānei e hiahiatia ana e te kaiwhakamahi. Kei roto i te paerewa o te ao ISO, te paerewa o Amerika ASTM me te paerewa o Haina GB/T ngā ripanga hurihanga e rite ana.

Te whakapakeketanga ā-rohe

Mena ka tutuki ngā whakaritenga pakeke ā-rohe mō ngā wāhanga, ka taea te whakamahi i te whakamahana arataki me ētahi atu tikanga whakamahana tinei ā-rohe, me tohu te wāhi o te whakamahana tinei ā-rohe me te uara pakeke ā-rohe i runga i ngā tuhi mō aua wāhanga. Me whakahaere te whakamātautau pakeke o ngā wāhanga i te wāhi kua tohua. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā taputapu whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell, te whakamātautau i te uara pakeke HRC, pērā i te paparanga whakapakeke maimoatanga wera he papaku, ka taea te whakamahi i te mata o te whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell, te whakamātautau i te uara pakeke HRN.

Te maimoatanga wera matū

Ko te maimoatanga wera matū he mea kia uru tetahi, ētahi rānei o ngā huānga matū o ngā ngota ki te mata o te mea mahi, kia rerekē ai te hanganga matū, te whakaritenga me te mahi o te mata o te mea mahi. I muri i te tinei me te whakamahana i te pāmahana iti, he pakeke te mata o te mea mahi, he ātete ki te kakahu me te kaha ki te ngenge pa, ko te uho o te mea mahi he pakari teitei.

E ai ki ngā kōrero o runga ake nei, he mea tino nui te kimi me te tuhi i te pāmahana i roto i te tukanga maimoatanga wera, ā, he nui te pānga o te whakahaere pāmahana ngoikore ki te hua. Nō reira, he mea tino nui te kimi i te pāmahana, he mea tino nui hoki te ia o te pāmahana i roto i te tukanga katoa, ā, ko te mutunga iho me tuhi te tukanga maimoatanga wera i runga i te huringa pāmahana, ka taea te whakahaere i te tātari raraunga ā muri ake nei, engari kia kitea ai hoki te wā kāore te pāmahana e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga. Ka whai wāhi nui tēnei ki te whakapai ake i te maimoatanga wera ā muri ake nei.

Ngā tikanga whakahaere

1, Horoia te wāhi mahi, tirohia mēnā he pai te pūnaha hiko, ngā taputapu ine me ngā pana, me te māeneene hoki o te puna wai.

2, Me mau ngā kaimahi i ngā taputapu tiaki mahi pai, ki te kore ka tūpono he tūponotanga kino.

3, whakatuwherahia te pana whakawhiti mana whakahaere ao, kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga hangarau o ngā wāhanga kua tohua o te pikinga me te hekenga o te pāmahana o te taputapu, kia roa ake ai te ora o te taputapu me te taputapu.

4, kia aro ki te pāmahana oumu maimoatanga wera me te tere o te whitiki mata, ka taea te whakahaere i ngā paerewa pāmahana e hiahiatia ana mō ngā rauemi rerekē, kia mau ai te pakeke o te mahi me te tika o te mata me te paparanga waikura, kia tino mahi pai ai te haumaru.

5, Kia aro ki te pāmahana oumu whakamahana me te tere o te whitiki mata, whakatuwheratia te hau whakaputa, kia tutuki ai te kounga o te mahi i muri i te whakamahana.

6, me piri te mahi ki te pou.

7, kia whirihorahia te taputapu ahi e tika ana, kia mōhio hoki ki ngā tikanga whakamahi me te tiaki.

8, Ina whakamutua te mīhini, me tirotiro mēnā kei te whakaweto ngā pana whakahaere katoa, kātahi ka kati i te pana whakawhiti ao.

Te wera rawa

Mai i te waha taratara o te roera taputapu, ka kitea ngā wāhanga o te hanganga iti o te tineia, he wera nui. Engari kia mōhio ai koe ki te nui o te wera nui, me mātakitaki koe i te hanganga iti. Mena he ahua ngira martensite matotoru kei roto i te whakahaere tineia maitai GCr15, he wera nui tēnei. Ko te take o te hanganga o te wera nui, he roa rawa rānei te wera me te wā pupuri nā te wera nui katoa; tera pea nā te hanganga taketake o te roopu carbide, i roto i te rohe waro iti i waenganui i ngā roopu e rua ka hangaia he ngira martensite rohe, ka wera nui. Ka piki ake te toenga o te austenite i roto i te whakahaere wera nui, ka heke te pumau o te rahinga. Nā te wera nui o te whakahaere tineia, he matotoru te karaihe maitai, ka heke te pakari o ngā wāhanga, ka heke te ātete pānga, ka heke hoki te roa o te oranga o te peera. Ka taea e te wera nui te puta o ngā kapiti tineia.

Te wera iti

Ki te iti te pāmahana tinei, ki te kore rānei e pai te whakamatao, ka nui ake te hanganga Torrhenite paerewa i roto i te hanganga moroiti, e mōhiotia ana ko te hanganga wera-iti, ka heke te pakeke, ka tino heke te ātete ki te kakahu, ka pā ki te roa o te oranga o ngā wāhanga roera.

Te tinei i ngā kapiti

I roto i te tukanga tinei me te whakamatao, ka puta ngā kapiti e kiia nei ko ngā kapiti tinei nā te ahotea o roto. Ko ngā take o ēnei kapiti ko: nā te mea he teitei rawa te pāmahana whakamahana tinei, he tere rawa rānei te whakamatao, he nui ake te huringa o te taumahatanga o te taumahatanga o te whakarewa i te kaha o te pakaru o te maitai i te taumahatanga o te whakahaere; ko ngā hapa o te mata mahi (pēnei i ngā kapiti mata, ngā karawarawa rānei) ko ngā hapa o roto rānei o te maitai (pēnei i te para, ngā whakaurunga kore-whakarewa nui, ngā ira mā, ngā toenga whakaheke, me ētahi atu) i roto i te tinei ka puta te kukū o te ahotea; te nui o te whakakorenga o te mata me te wehewehenga o te Carbide; ko ngā wāhanga kua tineihia i muri i te whakamahana kāore i te rawaka, i te whakamahana wawe rānei; ko te ahotea whiu makariri i puta mai i te tukanga o mua he nui rawa, he takai hanga, he tapahi huri hohonu, he awa hinu, he taha koi, me ētahi atu. I roto i te poto, ko te take o ngā kapiti tinei ka taea te waiho i tētahi, neke atu rānei o ngā mea o runga ake nei, ko te aroaro o te ahotea o roto te take matua o te hanganga o ngā kapiti tinei. He hohonu, he angiangi ngā kapiti tinei, he whati tika, kāore he tae waikura i runga i te mata pakaru. He maha ngā wā he kapiti papatahi roa, he kapiti porowhita rānei i runga i te kara o te peera; ko te āhua o te pōro maitai peera he āhua-S, he āhua-T, he āhua-porowhita rānei. Ko ngā āhuatanga whakarite o te kapiti tinei ko te korenga o te tango waro i ngā taha e rua o te kapiti, he mārama te wehewehe mai i ngā kapiti hanga me ngā kapiti rauemi.

Te whakarerekētanga o te maimoatanga wera

I roto i te maimoatanga wera, kei reira ngā ahotea wera me ngā ahotea whakahaere o ngā wāhanga amo NACHI. Ka taea te whakakotahi i tēnei ahotea ā-roto ki runga i a rātou anō, te whakataurite rānei i tētahi wāhanga. He uaua, he rerekē hoki, nā te mea ka taea te whakarerekē me te pāmahana whakamahana, te tere whakamahana, te aratau whakamatao, te tere whakamatao, te āhua me te rahi o ngā wāhanga, nō reira he mea kore e taea te karo i te whakarerekētanga o te maimoatanga wera. Mā te mōhio me te mātau ki te ture ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā wāhanga amo (pēnei i te porowhita o te kara, te rahi ake, me ētahi atu) kia whakanohoia ki roto i te whānuitanga ka taea te whakahaere, kia pai ai te whakaputa. Ko te tikanga, i roto i te tukanga maimoatanga wera, ka whakarerekētia hoki ngā wāhanga e te tukinga miihini, engari ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei whakarerekētanga hei whakapai ake i te mahi, hei whakaiti, hei karo hoki.

Te tangohanga waro o te mata

I roto i te tukanga whakamahana, ki te whakamahanahia ki roto i te reo whakahāngai, ka whakahāngaitia te mata kia iti ai te papatipu waro o te mata o ngā wāhanga, ka hua ake te whakakorenga o te mata. Ko te hohonutanga o te paparanga whakakorenga mata e nui ake ana i te nui o te pupuri ka waiho ngā wāhanga kia pakaru. Ko te whakatau i te hohonutanga o te paparanga whakakorenga mata i roto i te whakamātautau whakarewa o te tikanga whakarewa me te tikanga pakeke iti e wātea ana. Ko te pihi tohatoha pakeke iti o te paparanga mata e hangai ana ki te tikanga ine, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei paearu whakatau.

Wāhi ngawari

Nā te kore e ranea te whakamahana, te kore e pai te whakamatao, te kore e ranea te mahi tinei i puta mai i te pakeketanga o te mata o ngā wāhanga whēra roera, he āhuatanga ngoikore tēnei e mōhiotia ana ko te ira ngohengohe tinei. He rite ki te mea ka taea e te tango waro o te mata te whakaheke nui i te ātete kakahu o te mata me te kaha o te ngenge.