Kei ngā wāhi katoa te kowiri tira, ā, he maha ngā momo tauira e uaua ana ki te wehewehe. I tēnei rā ka tohaina atu e mātou tētahi tuhinga hei whakamārama i ngā mōhiotanga o konei.
Ko te kowiri tira te whakarāpopototanga o te kowiri tira ātete-waikawa, te hau, te mamaoa, te wai me ētahi atu momo waikura ngoikore, e mōhiotia ana ko te kowiri tira he kowiri tira; ā, ka ātete ki ngā matū waikura (waikawa, kawakore, tote, me ētahi atu matū whakakī) ka kiia te waikura o te maitai he kowiri tira ātete-waikawa.
Ko te maitai kore waikura e pā ana ki te hau, te mamaoa, te wai me ētahi atu mea waikura ngoikore me ngā waikawa, ngā kawakore, ngā tote me ētahi atu mea waikura matū o te maitai, e mōhiotia ana ko te maitai kore waikura ātete-waikawa. I roto i te mahi, he maha ngā wā ka kiia he maitai kore waikura ngoikore ātete-waikura, me te maitai ātete-waikura matū e kiia ana he maitai ātete-waikura waikawa. Nā te rerekētanga o te hanganga matū o ngā mea e rua, kāore te mea tuatahi e ātete ana ki te waikura matū, engari ko te mea tuarua he kowiri tira. Ko te ātete waikura o te maitai kore waikura e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā huānga whakarewa kei roto i te maitai.
Whakarōpūtanga Noa
E ai ki te whakahaere whakarewa
I te nuinga o te wā, e ai ki te whakahaere whakarewa, ka wehea ngā maitai kowiri tira noa ki ngā wāhanga e toru: ngā maitai kowiri tira austenitic, ngā maitai kowiri tira ferritic me ngā maitai kowiri tira martensitic. I runga i te whakahaere whakarewa taketake o ēnei wāhanga e toru, ka tangohia ngā maitai takirua, ngā maitai kowiri tira whakapakeketanga me ngā maitai koranu teitei kei roto i te rino iti iho i te 50% mō ngā hiahia me ngā kaupapa motuhake.
1. Kowiri tira Austenitic
Ko te hanganga tioata pūtoru o te whakaritenga austenitic (wāhanga CY) e whakahaerehia ana e te kore-aukume, ko te nuinga mā te mahi matao hei whakapakari (ā, ka arahi pea ki tētahi taumata o te aukume) o te maitai kore waikura. Ko te American Iron and Steel Institute ki te raupapa 200 me te 300 o ngā tapanga tau, pērā i te 304.
2. Kowiri tira Ferritic
Ko te hanganga tioata poraka o te hanganga ferrite (he wāhanga) mai i te matrix ki te tinana-pokapū he mea matua, he aukume, kāore e taea te whakapakeke mā te whakamahana, engari mā te mahi matao ka paku whakapakari ake i te maitai kore waikura. American Iron and Steel Institute ki te 430 me te 446 mō te tapanga.
3. Kowiri tira Martensitic
Ko te hanganga he whakaritenga martensitic (he pūtoru, he pūtoru rānei kei waenganui i te tinana), he aukume, mā te maimoatanga wera ka taea te whakarite i ōna āhuatanga miihini o te maitai kore waikura. American Iron and Steel Institute ki ngā tohu 410, 420, me te 440. He whakaritenga austenitic tō te Martensite i ngā pāmahana teitei, ka taea te huri hei martensite (arā, he whakapakeke) ina whakamataohia ki te pāmahana rūma i te tere e tika ana.
4. Kowiri tira momo ferrite (duplex) Austenitic
He hanganga ā-wāhanga-rua tō te hanganga matua, he austenitic, he ferrite hoki, ā, ko te nui o te hanganga matua iti iho i te 15% te nuinga, he aukume, ka taea te whakapakari mā te mahi matao o te maitai kore waikura, he maitai kore waikura takirua noa te 329. Ki te whakatauritea ki te maitai kore waikura austenitic, he kaha ake te maitai takirua, te ātete ki te waikura intergranular me te waikura ahotea chloride me te waikura pitting.
5. Te whakapakeketanga o te ua, te maitai kore waikura
He hanganga austenitic, he martensitic rānei te hanganga, ā, ka taea te whakapakeke mā te maimoatanga whakapakeketanga o te ua kia whakapakeketia ai he kowiri tira. E ai ki te American Iron and Steel Institute, e 600 ngā raupapa tapanga matihiko, pērā i te 630, arā, 17-4PH.
I te nuinga o te wā, hei tāpiri atu ki ngā koranu, he pai ake te ātete waikura o te maitai kore waikura austenitic. I roto i te taiao iti ake te waikura, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te maitai kore waikura ferritic. I roto i ngā taiao waikura ngawari, ki te hiahiatia he kaha teitei, he pakeke teitei rānei te rauemi, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te maitai kore waikura martensitic me te maitai kore waikura whakapakeketanga.
Ngā āhuatanga me ngā whakamahinga
Tukanga mata
Te rerekētanga matotoru
1. Nā te mea kei roto i te tukanga hurihuri o te mīhini mira maitai, ka werahia ngā porotaka e te iti o te whakarerekētanga, ka puta te rerekētanga o te matotoru o te pereti, ko te tikanga he matotoru kei waenganui o te pereti angiangi. I te ine i te matotoru o te pereti, me ine ngā ture ā-ture i waenganui o te pane pereti.
2. Ko te take mō te manawanui e ahu mai ana i te hiahia o te mākete me te kiritaki, e wehea ana ki ngā manawanui nui me ngā manawanui iti.
V. Ngā whakaritenga hanga, tirotiro
1. Pereti paipa
① hononga hononga pereti ngongo honohono mō te tirotiro hihi 100%, UT rānei, taumata tohu: RT: Ⅱ UT: taumata Ⅰ;
② Haunga te kowiri tira, ka whakamahia te pereti paipa honohono hei whakaiti i te ahotea o te maimoatanga wera;
③ te whānui o te piriti poka pereti ngongo: kia rite ki te tātai mō te tatau i te whānui o te piriti poka: B = (S - d) - D1
Whānui iti rawa o te piriti poka: B = 1/2 (S - d) + C;
2. Te maimoatanga wera o te pouaka ngongo:
Ko te maitai waro, te maitai koranu iti-whakapiripiri me te wehewehenga āputa o te pouaka paipa, me te pouaka paipa o ngā whakatuwheratanga taha neke atu i te 1/3 o te diameter o roto o te pouaka paipa rango, i roto i te tono o te whakarewa hei whakaora i te ahotea, me tukatuka te mata hiri o te flange me te wehewehenga i muri i te maimoatanga wera.
3. Whakamātautau pēhanga
Ina iti iho te pēhanga hoahoa anga i te pēhanga tukanga ngongo, kia tirohia ai te kounga o ngā hononga ngongo whakawhiti wera me te pereti ngongo.
① Mā te hōtaka anga e whakanui ake te pēhanga whakamātautau mā te hōtaka paipa kia rite ki te whakamātautau waipēhi, kia tirohia ai mēnā kei te turuturu ngā hononga paipa. (Heoi, me whakarite kia ≤0.9ReLΦ te ahotea kiriata tuatahi o te anga i te wā o te whakamātautau waipēhi)
② Mena kāore te tikanga i runga ake nei e tika ana, ka taea te whakamātautau i te anga kia rite ki te pēhanga taketake i muri i te tukunga, kātahi ka whakamātautau i te turuturu haukini, i te whakamātautau turuturu halogen rānei.
He aha te momo maitai kore waikura e kore e waikura ngāwari?
E toru ngā āhuatanga matua e pā ana ki te waikura o te maitai kore waikura:
1. Te nui o ngā huānga whakarewa. I te nuinga o te wā, kāore e waikura te nui o te chromium i roto i te maitai 10.5%. He pai ake te ātete ki te waikura o te chromium me te nickel, pērā i te nui o te nickel o te rauemi 304 he 85 ~ 10%, te nui o te chromium he 18% ~ 20%, ā, ko taua maitai kore waikura i te nuinga o te wā kāore e waikura.
2. Ka pāngia hoki te ātete waikura o te kowiri tira e te tukanga whakarewa a te kaihanga. He pai te hangarau whakarewa, he taputapu matatau, he hangarau matatau, he tipu kowiri tira nui e whakahaere ana i ngā huānga whakarewa, e tango ana i ngā poke, e taea ai te whakahaere i te pāmahana whakamatao o ngā papa, kia pumau ai, kia pono ai te kounga o te hua, he kounga ā-roto pai, kāore e ngāwari te waikura. Engari, ko ētahi tipu kowiri tira iti he tawhito, he tawhito te hangarau whakarewa, kāore e taea te tango i ngā poke, ka waikura tonu te hanga hua.
3. Taiao o waho. Kāore e ngāwari te waikura i te taiao maroke, ā, he maha ngā hau e puta ai te hau, engari he ngāwari te waikura i te haumākū, i te ua tonu, i te hau rānei kei roto te waikawa me te kawakore. Ko te maitai kore waikura 304, ki te rawakore rawa te taiao e karapoti ana, ka waikura anō hoki.
Me pēhea te whakatau i ngā ira waikura o te kowiri tira?
1. Tikanga matū
Mā te whakamahi i te whakapiri pīkara, i te rehu rānei hei āwhina i ōna wāhanga waikura kia hoki mai te hanganga o te kiriata chromium oxide hei whakahoki mai i tōna ātete ki te waikura. Whai muri i te pīkara, kia tangohia ai ngā poke me ngā toenga waikawa katoa, he mea tino nui kia horoia tika ki te wai. Kia oti te tukatuka me te whakakanapa anō i ngā mea katoa ki ngā taputapu whakakanapa, ka taea te kati ki te ware pi. Mō ngā wāhi waikura iti o te rohe, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te penehīni 1:1, te ranunga hinu me te kakahu ma hei muru i ngā wāhi waikura.
2. Ngā tikanga miihini
Te horoi i te kirikiri, te horoi ki ngā matūriki karāhe, uku rānei, te pupuhi, te whakakore, te paraihe me te whakakanapa. He kaha ngā tikanga ā-ringa ki te horoi i te paru i puta mai i ngā rauemi kua tangohia i mua, ngā rauemi whakakanapa, ngā rauemi kua horoia rānei. Ka taea e ngā momo paru katoa, inā koa ngā matūriki rino ke, te waiho hei pūtake o te waikura, inā koa i ngā taiao makuku. Nō reira, ko te mea pai me horoi ōkawa ngā mata kua horoia ā-ringa i raro i ngā āhuatanga maroke. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ā-ringa ka horoi noa i tōna mata, ā, kāore e whakarerekē i te ātete waikura o te rauemi tonu. Nō reira, e taunakihia ana kia whakakanapahia anō te mata ki ngā taputapu whakakanapa, ā, ka kati ki te ware piro i muri i te horoinga ā-ringa.
Ngā taputapu e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā momo me ngā āhuatanga o te maitai kore waikura
1.304 te kowiri tira. Ko tētahi o ngā kowiri tira austenitic he whānui te whakamahinga, he pai mō te hanga i ngā wāhanga whakakikoruatia hōhonu me ngā paipa waikawa, ngā ipu, ngā wāhanga hanganga, ngā momo tinana taputapu, me ētahi atu. Ka taea hoki e ia te hanga taputapu me ngā wāhanga kore-aukume, pāmahana-iti.
2.304L te kowiri tira. Hei whakaoti i te ua Cr23C6 i puta mai i te kowiri tira 304 i roto i ētahi āhuatanga, he nui te ia o te waikura intergranular me te whanaketanga o te kowiri tira austenitic waro-iti rawa, ko tōna āhua ātete ki te waikura intergranular he pai ake i te kowiri tira 304. Haunga te iti o te kaha, ko ētahi atu āhuatanga o te kowiri tira 321, e whakamahia ana mō ngā taputapu me ngā wāhanga ātete-waikura kāore e taea te whakarewa i te otinga maimoatanga, ka taea te whakamahi mō te hanga i ngā momo tinana taputapu.
Kowiri tira 3.304H. He peka o roto o te kowiri tira 304, ko te papatipu waro he 0.04% ~ 0.10%, he pai ake te mahi pāmahana teitei i te kowiri tira 304.
4.316 te kowiri tira. I roto i te maitai 10Cr18Ni12, i tāpirihia te molybdenum, kia pai ai te ātete o te maitai ki ngā mea whakaiti me te ātete ki te waikura. I roto i te wai moana me ētahi atu mea, he pai ake te ātete ki te waikura i te kowiri tira 304, e whakamahia ana mō ngā rauemi e ātete ana ki te waikura.
5.316L te maitai kore waikura. He maitai waro tino iti, he ātete pai ki te waikura waenga-porotaka kua pāngia, he pai mō te hanga i te rahi whakawhiti matotoru o ngā wāhanga me ngā taputapu kua whakarewaina, pērā i ngā taputapu hinu-matū i roto i ngā rauemi ātete-waikura.
Kowiri tira 6.316H. Ko te peka o roto o te kowiri tira 316, ko te wāhanga papatipu waro he 0.04%-0.10%, he pai ake te mahi pāmahana teitei i te kowiri tira 316.
7.317 te maitai kore waikura. He pai ake te ātete ki te waikura poka me te ātete ngoki i te maitai kore waikura 316L, e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga taputapu ātete ki te waikura matū me te waikawa waro.
8.321 te kowiri tira. Mā te kowiri tira austenitic kua whakapūmautia ki te titanium, ka tāpirihia te titanium hei whakapai ake i te ātete ki te waikura intergranular, ā, he pai ngā āhuatanga miihini pāmahana teitei, ka taea te whakakapi ki te kowiri tira austenitic waro-iti rawa. Haunga te ātete ki te waikura pāmahana teitei, te hauwai rānei me ētahi atu huihuinga motuhake, kāore i te tūtohutia te āhuatanga whānui.
9.347 te kowiri tira. Ko te kowiri tira austenitic kua whakapūmauhia ki te niobium, ka tāpirihia te niobium hei whakapai ake i te ātete ki te waikura intergranular, ātete waikura i roto i te waikawa, te kawakore, te tote me ētahi atu pāpāho waikura me te 321 te kowiri tira, he pai te mahi whakarewa, ka taea te whakamahi hei rauemi ātete waikura me te maitai ātete wera e whakamahia ana mō te mana wera, ngā mara hinu, pērā i te hanga ipu, ngā paipa, ngā whakawhiti wera, ngā toki, ngā oumu ahumahi i roto i te ngongo oumu me te inemahana ngongo oumu me ētahi atu.
10.904L te maitai kore waikura. Ko te maitai kore waikura austenitic tino oti, he maitai kore waikura austenitic tino pai i hangaia e Finland Otto Kemp, ko tōna wāhanga papatipu nikara he 24% ki te 26%, ko te wāhanga papatipu waro he iti iho i te 0.02%, he ātete pai ki te waikura, i roto i ngā waikawa kore-waikura pēnei i te waikawa whanariki, acetic, formic me te phosphoric he tino pai te ātete ki te waikura, ā, i te wa ano he ātete pai ki te waikura kapiti me te ātete ki ngā āhuatanga waikura ahotea. He pai mō ngā kukū rerekē o te waikawa whanariki i raro i te 70℃, ā, he ātete pai ki te waikura ki te waikawa acetic me te waikawa whakauru o te waikawa formic me te waikawa acetic o tetahi kukū me tetahi pāmahana i raro i te pēhanga noa. Ko te paerewa taketake ASMESB-625 e kī ana he koranu nikara, ā, ko te paerewa hou e kī ana he maitai kore waikura. Ko Haina anake te maitai kounga tata 015Cr19Ni26Mo5Cu2, he iti noa ngā kaihanga taputapu o Ūropi e whakamahi ana i te maitai kowiri tira 904L, pērā i te ngongo ine rere papatipu E + H e whakamahi ana i te maitai kowiri tira 904L, ā, e whakamahia ana hoki te pouaka mataaratanga Rolex e whakamahi ana i te maitai kowiri tira 904L.
11.440C te kowiri tira. Ko te kowiri tira martensitic, ko te kowiri tira whakapakeke, ko te kowiri tira te pakeke teitei rawa, ko te pakeke HRC57. E whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga i ngā pūwero, ngā whāriki, ngā takirere, ngā pōro takirere, ngā nohoanga takirere, ngā ringaringa, ngā kakau takirere, me ētahi atu.
Kowiri tira 12.17-4PH. Kāore e taea te whakamahi i te kowiri tira whakapakeke maroke martensitic, he pakeke HRC44, he kaha teitei, he pakeke me te ātete ki te waikura, mō ngā pāmahana neke atu i te 300 ℃. He pai tōna ātete ki te waikura ki ngā waikawa me ngā tote waimeha, ā, he rite tōna ātete ki te kowiri tira 304 me te kowiri tira 430, e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga papaaho moana, mata tāpoi, pōro, nohoanga, ringaringa me ngā kakau o ngā takirere.
I roto i te umanga taputapu, me ngā take whānui me te utu, ko te raupapa kōwhiringa maitai kore waikura austenitic tuku iho ko te 304-304L-316-316L-317-321-347-904L te maitai kore waikura, ko te 317 he iti ake te whakamahinga, kāore i te tūtohutia te 321, ko te 347 e whakamahia ana mō te waikura pāmahana teitei, ko te 904L anake te rauemi taunoa o ētahi wāhanga o ngā kaihanga takitahi, kāore te hoahoa e tango i te kaupapa ki te whiriwhiri i te 904L.
I roto i te kōwhiringa hoahoa taputapu, he maha ngā wā ka rerekē ngā rauemi taputapu me ngā rauemi paipa, inā koa i roto i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana teitei, me aro nui tātou ki te kōwhiringa rauemi taputapu kia tutuki ai te pāmahana me te pēhanga hoahoa taputapu tukatuka, te paipa rānei, pērā i te paipa maitai chrome molybdenum pāmahana teitei, i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i te taputapu he kowiri tira, he tino pea he raruraru, me haere koe ki te tirotiro i te ine pāmahana me te pēhanga rauemi e tika ana.
I te kōwhiringa hoahoa taputapu, he maha ngā momo pūnaha, raupapa, me ngā momo o te kowiri tira e tūtaki ana, me whiriwhiri i runga i ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te tukanga, te pāmahana, te pēhanga, ngā wāhanga e taumaha ana, te waikura me te utu me ētahi atu tirohanga.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-11-2023